Islamic Article |- Our attitude towards the differences of opinion among the imams with regard to covering the face

There is an important matter that is giving me sleepless nights, which
is: what is the meaning of the differences of the imam concerning a
certain issue? If I say to someone that Shaykh So and so says that
something is haraam, hesays to me that is according to his madhhab or
the madhhab of his country, and we follow a different madhhab that
says it is halaal. This led me to the issue of hijab. For example, my
country follows the Maaliki madhhab, the imams of which say that "that
which is apparent" [al-Noor 24:33] refers to the face and hands. In
addition to that, the face-veil is virtually banned in my country,
i.e., you could never wear it in your daily life, such as wearing it
at work or in school. There are laws that ban it and the gloves.
Although personally I am fully convinced about the face-veil, I cannot
wear it. What is your ruling onthat? Because every timeI listen to
tapes about hijab from Shaykhs fromanother madhhab, I feel that my
hijab is not Islamically acceptable, and I understand from their words
that I am currently unveiled and making a wanton display of myself
(tabarruj) and I am a cause of fitnah among this ummah. What should we
do, as we are confused?.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
At the time of the Revelation, the Muslims learned the rulings of
Islam from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
through the verses of the Holy Qur'aan and theahaadeeth of his Sunnah.
Hence there were no differences of opinion among them except with
regard to some minor issues. If that happened, the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) would explain to them what was
correct.
When the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) died and
the Sahaabah spread out to various regions to teach the people Islam,
there appeared some differences with regard to some matters of fiqh
which arose at different times and in different places. These
differenceswere due to a number ofreasons, which we will sum up here
from the words of the scholars:
1- The evidence had not reached the one who held a different
opinion, and he made a mistake in forming his opinion.
2- The hadeeth had reached the scholar, but he did not regard the
transmitter as trustworthy, and he thought that it went against
something that was stronger, so he followed that which he thought was
stronger than it.
3- The hadeeth had reached him but he forgot it.
4- The hadeeth had reached him but he understood it in a way other
than the intended meaning.
5- The hadeeth reached him but it was abrogated, and he did not
know the abrogating text.
6- He thought that it contradicted something that was stronger than
it, whether that was a text or scholarly consensus (ijmaa')
7- The scholar used a weak hadeeth as the basis for his ruling, or
hederived the ruling by means of weak arguments.
For a detailed discussion of these reasons and others, see Raf'
al-Malaam 'an al-A'immati'l-A'laam by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah,
and al-Khilaaf bayna al-'Ulama': Asbaabuhu wa Mawqifuna minhu by
Shaykh al-'Uthaymeen.
We think that what we have mentioned about the reasons for differences
among the scholars i.e., with regardto matters of fiqh, will be clear
to you, in sha Allaah.
Secondly:
What should the Muslim's attitude be towards differences thatarise
between the scholars? In other words,which scholarly opinion should
the Muslim followin matters where they differed? The answer depends:
1 – If the Muslim is one who has studied shar'i knowledge and learned
its basic principles and minor issues, and he can distinguish right
from wrong with regard to scholarly views, then he has to follow that
which he thinks is correct and ignore that which he thinks is wrong.
2 – If he is one of the rank and file, or has not studied shar'i
knowledge, and thus cannot distinguish between right and wrong with
regard to scholarly views, then he must follow the fatwa ofa scholar
whose knowledge he trusts andwho he believes to be trustworthy and
religiously committed, whether he is from his own country or another
country, and differences between scholars will not matter after that.
He does not have to changewhat he is doing because he hears another
scholar issuing afatwa that differs from the one he is following,
unless he realizes that what he learned later onis the correct view,
on the basis of his confidence in the religious commitment and
knowledge of the second Shaykh.
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-'Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
The one who has knowledge of evidence is required to follow the
evidence, even if it goes against some of the imams, if it does not go
against the consensus of the ummah.
The one who does not have any knowledge should ask the scholars,
because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): "So ask of those
who know the Scripture, if you know not" [al-Nahl 16:43]. He should
ask one who he thinks has more knowledge and is more religiously
committed, but that does not mean that doing so obligatory,because the
one who is better may make a mistake with regard to aparticular issue,
and the one who is regarded as less knowledgeable may be right with
regard to it. But priority should be given to following the one who is
more knowledgeable and more religiously committed.
See also the answers to questions no. 8294 and 10645 .
Thirdly:
If you ask about our view on the issue of covering the face, the most
correct scholarly view in our opinion is that it is obligatory to
cover the face in front ofnon-mahram men. Thereis a great deal of
evidence and scholarly views concerning that, as among the Maalikis.
Many of them said that itis not permissible for a woman to uncover her
face in front of non-mahram men, not because it is 'awrah but because
uncovering it runs the risk of fitnah. But some of them think that it
is 'awrah. Hence women, in their view, are forbidden to go out in
front of non-mahram men with their faces uncovered.
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And when you ask (his wives) for anything you want, ask them from
behind a screen"
[al-Ahzaab 33:53]
al-Qaadi Abu Bakr ibn al-'Arabi al-Maaliki (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
The entire woman is 'awrah, her body and her voice, so it is not
permissible to uncover that except in cases of necessity, such as when
testimony is given against her, or medical treatment, or asking her
about her health issues. End quote.
Ahkaam al-Qur'aan by Ibn al-'Arabi (3/1578, 1579).
Al-Qurtubi (may Allaah have mercy on him), who is also Maaliki, said:
This verse indicates that Allaah has given permission to ask of them
from behind a screen if there is some need, or when they ask a
question about something. That includesall women. Because it is a
basic shar'i principle that the entire woman is'awrah, her body and
her voice – as stated above –it is not permissible to uncover that
except in cases of necessity such as when testimony is given against
her, or medical treatment, or asking her about her health issues. End
quote.
In al-Jaami' li Ahkaam al-Qur'aan (14/227) it says:
For more information onthe views of Maaliki fuqaha' concerning the
obligation for women tocover their faces, see: al-Ma'yaar al-Mu'arrab
by al-Wanshireesi (10/165 and 11/226 and 229), Mawaahib al-Jaleel by
al-Hattaab (3/141), al-Dhakheerah by al-Quraafi (3/307) and Haashiyat
al-Dasooqi 'alaal-Sharh al-Kabeer (2/55).
We have discussed this issue and its evidence in more than one answer
on this site. Please see the answers to questionsno. 11774 , 12525 ,
13998 , 21134 and 21536 .
Fourthly:
With regard to what youmention about the laws in your country
forbidding women to cover their faces, that is something that makes
usfeel very sad, to hear that covering and chastity are being opposed
and wanton display and unveiling are being encouraged everywhere,
especially when that happens in a country that is supposed to be
Muslim.
If the laws forbid women to cover, and you fear persecution because of
covering your faces, then there is no sin on you if you do not do it
in that case, so long as that is based on necessity. So a woman should
not go out of her house with her face uncovered except in cases of
necessity. If she can break the law and put up with a little bit of
hassle, let her do so for there is no obedience to any created being
if it involves disobedience towards the Creator.
And Allaah knows best.