Dought & clear - - (Forgetfulness During Prayer) - Reasons for doing the prostration of forgetfulness.

When is it prescribed for a worshipper to do the prostration of forgetfulness?.
Praise be to Allaah.
By the mercy of Allaah to His slaves, as one of the beauties of this
perfect religion, Allaah has prescribed that His slaves may make up
for shortcomings and mistakes that they make in their worship and
cannot avoid completely, by performing supererogatory (naafil) acts of
worship, praying for forgiveness and so on.
One of the things that Allaah has prescribed for His slaves to make up
for shortcomings that may occur in their prayer is the prostration of
forgetfulness, but it is only prescribed to make up for certain
things; it does not make up for everything nor is it prescribed for
everything.
Shaykh Ibn 'Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked about
the reasons for doing the prostration of forgetfulness, and he replied
as follows:
The prostration of forgetfulness in prayer is generally prescribed for
three reasons:
1-Doing something extra
2-Omitting something
3-Being uncertain
Doing something extra: for example, doing an extra bow (rukoo'),
prostration (sujood), standing or sitting.
Omitting something: such as omitting an essential part of the prayer,
or omitting one of the obligatory parts of the prayer.
Being uncertain: such as when a person is not sure how many rak'ahs he
has prayed, whether it was three or four, for example.
In the case of doing something extra, if a person adds something to
his prayer – bowing, prostrating, standing or sitting – deliberately,
then his prayer becomes invalid, because when he added it, that means
that he did not do the prayer in the manner ordained by Allaah and His
Messenger(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). The
Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Whoever does
an action that is not part of this matter of ours (i.e., Islam), will
have it rejected." Narrated by Muslim, 1718.
But if he did that extra thing by mistake, then his prayer is not
invalidated, but he should do the prostration of forgetfulness after
saying the salaam. The evidence for that is the hadeeth of Abu
Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) who said that when the
Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said the salaam
after two rak'ahs in one of the two afternoon prayers, either Zuhr or
'Asr, and they told him about that, he(peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him) did the rest of the prayer, then he said the salaam, then
he prostrated twice (the prostration of forgetfulness) after saying
the salaam. Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 482; Muslim, 573.
And Ibn Mas'ood (may Allaah be pleased with him) narrated that the
Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) led them in praying
Zuhr and he prayed five rak'ahs. When he had finished it was said to
him: "Has something been added to the prayer?"
He said: "Why are you asking that?"
They said: "You prayed five (rak'ahs)."
So he turned towards the qiblah and prostrated twice. Narrated by
al-Bukhaari, 4040; Muslim, 572.
In the case of omitting something, if a person omits one of the
essential parts of the prayer, one of the following two scenarios must
apply:
Either he remembers it before he reaches the same point in the
following rak'ah, so he has to go back and do that essential part of
the prayer and whatever came after it,
Or he does not remember it until he reaches the same point in the
following rak'ah, in which case the following rak'ah takes the place
of the one in which he omitted that essential part, and he should make
up the invalid rak'ah.
In either of these two cases, he should do the prostration of
forgetfulness after saying the salaam.
For example: a man stood up after doing the first prostration of the
first rak'ah and did not sit or do the second prostration. When he
started to recite Qur'aan he remembers that he had not done the second
prostration or sat between the two prostrations. In that case he
should go back and sit as between the two prostrations, then
prostrate, then stand up and do whatever is left of his prayer, and do
the prostration of forgetfulness after saying the salaam.
An example of one who did not remember until after he reached the same
point in the following rak'ah is a man who stood up following the
first prostration in the first rak'ah and did not do the second
prostration or sit between the two prostrations, but he did not
remember that until he sat between the two prostrations in the second
rak'ah. In this case he should make the second rak'ah the first
rak'ah, and add another rak'ah to his prayer, then say the salaam then
do the prostration of forgetfulness.
Omitting an obligatory part of the prayer – such as if he omits an
obligatory part and moves on to the next part of the prayer. For
example, he forgets to say Subhaan Rabbiy al-A'la (Glory be to my Lord
Most High) and he does not remember until he has got up from
prostrating. In this case he has omitted an obligatory part of the
prayer by mistake, so he should carry on with his prayer then do the
prostration of forgetfulness before saying the salaam, because when
the Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) omitted the
first tashahhud he carried on with his prayer and did not go back and
repeat anything, then he did the prostration of forgetfulness before
saying the salaam.
In the case of being uncertain, such as if a person is not sure if he
has done something extra or omitted something, e.g., he is not sure
whether he has prayed three rak'ahs or four, one of the following two
scenarios must apply:
Either he thinks that one or the other is more likely to be case,
whether it is doing more or omitting something, in which case he
should proceed on the basis of what he thinks is more likely to be the
case, complete his prayer accordingly, then do the prostration of
forgetfulness after saying the salaam;
Or neither appears more likely to be the case, so he should proceed on
the basis of what is certain, namely the lesser amount, and complete
his prayer accordingly, then do the prostration of forgetfulness
before saying the salaam.
For example: a man prays Zuhr then he is not sure whether he is
praying the third or fourth rak'ah, but he thinks it more likely that
it is the third. So he should pray another rak'ah, then say the
salaam, then do the prostration of forgetfulness.
An example of when neither seems to him more likely to be the case is
when a man is praying Zuhr and is not sure whether he is in the third
rak'ah or the fourth, and neither seems to him more likely to be the
case. In that case he should proceed on the basis of what is certain,
which is the lesser amount. So he should regard it as the third
rak'ah, then do another rak'ah and do the prostration of forgetfulness
before saying the salaam. Thus it becomes clear that this should be
done before the salaam if you have omitted one of the obligatory parts
of the prayer or if you are not sure how many rak'ahs you have done,
and neither of the two choices seems more likely to be the case. And
it should be done after the salaam if you have added something extra
to the prayer or you are not certain but one of the two choices seems
more likely to be the case.
SeeMajmoo' Fataawa al-Shaykh, 14/14-16
And Allaah is the Source of strength.

Dought & clear - - (Forgetfulness During Prayer) - If he does the prostration of forgetfulness after the salaam, should he recite the tashahhud and say salaam again?.

If I do the prostration of forgetfulness after saying the salaam at
the end of the prayer, do I have to recite the tashahhud and say
salaam again?.
Praise be to Allaah.
If a person does the prostration of forgetfulness after the salaam,
then he has to say the salaam again, but he does not have to recite
the tashahhud again.
al-Bukhaari (482) and Muslim (573) narrated that Muhammad ibn Sireen
said: Abu Hurayrah (May Allaah be pleased with him) said: The
Messenger of Allaah(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) led us
in one of the afternoon prayers, either Zuhr or 'Asr, and he said the
tasleem after two rak'ahs. Then he went to a plank in the qiblah of
the mosque and leaned against it, looking angry. Among the people were
Abu Bakr and 'Umar, but they were too afraid to speak. The people left
quickly, saying that the prayer had been shortened. Then Dhu'l-Yadayn
stood up and said: O Messenger of Allaah, has the prayer been
shortened or did you forget? The Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him) looked to his right and his left, then he said: "What did
Dhu'l-Yadayn say?" They said: He is right, you only prayed two
rak'ahs. So he prayed two more rak'ahs and said the tasleem, then he
said takbeer and prostrated, then he said takbeer and sat up, then he
said takbeer and prostrated, then he said takbeer and sat up. It was
narrated that 'Imraan ibn Husayn said: Then he said the tasleem.
Muslim (574) narrated from 'Imraan ibn Husayn (may Allaah be pleased
with him) that the Messenger of Allaah(peace and blessings of Allaah
be upon him) prayed 'Asr and said the tasleem after three rak'ahs,
then he went into his house. A man called al-Khirbaaq, who had long
arms, stood up and said: O Messenger of Allaah! And he told him what
he had done. He came out looking angry, dragging his cloak, and when
he reached the people he said: "Is this one telling the truth?" They
said: Yes. So he prayed one rak'ah, then he said the tasleem, then he
prostrated twice, then he said the tasleem.
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih ibn 'Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
If the prostration comes after the salaam, then he has to say the
salaam, then prostrate twice, then say the salaam.
But does he have to recite the tashahhud?
There is a difference of opinion among the scholars concerning this,
but the correct view is that he does not have to say the tashahhud.
End quote.
Fataawa Ibn 'Uthaymeen(14/74).
The Standing Committee was asked: Should tashahhud be recited after
the prostration of forgetfulness or not, whether one does the
prostration of forgetfulness before the salaam or after?
They replied:
It is not prescribed to recite the tashahhud after the prostration of
forgetfulness if it is done before the salaam, without a doubt. If it
is done after the salaam then there is a difference of opinion among
the scholars, but the more correct view is that it is not prescribed
because it is not mentioned in the saheeh ahaadeeth. End quote.
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa'imah(7/148).

Islam and Teamwork (Team Work): Islam and Leadership, Islam and Consultation

Almighty Allah (SWT) says in the Noble Qur'an: "And hold fast all
together by the rope which Allah (stretches out for you) and be not
divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allah's favor on
you; for ye were enemies and He joined your hearts in love so that by
His grace ye became brethren; and ye were on the brink of the pit of
fire and He saved you from it. Thus doth Allah make his signs clear to
you: that ye may be guided." Noble Qur'an (3:103)
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said: Faithful believers are to each other as
the bricks of a wall, supporting and reinforcing each other. So
saying, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) clasped his hands by interlocking
his fingers. [Sahih al-Bukhari]
In Islam, Allah (SWT) gives us the gift of brotherhood and sisterhood
and encourages us to do things in a group setting or Team Work.
Examples where Islam encourages team spirit are Juma prayers and Hajj
Pilgrimage. In fact, if we fail to work effectively as a member of
team, we fail to understand the true meaning of "Ummah (collectively
united Community)" in Islam.
Teamwork is defined in Webster's New World Dictionary as "a joint
action by a group of people, in which each person subordinates his or
her individual interests and opinions to the unity and efficiency of
the group." This does not mean that the individual is no longer
important; however, it does mean that effective and efficient teamwork
goes beyond individual accomplishments. The most effective teamwork is
produced when all the individuals involved harmonize their
contributions and work towards a common goal.
Lessons from Geese provide a perfect example of the importance of
teamwork and how it can have a profound and powerful effect on our
life. When we use these five principles in our personal life it will
help us to foster and encourage a level of passion and energy in
ourselves, as well as those who are our friends, associates or team
members.
It is essential to remember that teamwork happens when it is
continually nurtured and encouraged.
Once a wise man said - Two people can accomplish more than twice as
much as one; they get a better return for their labor. As the old
saying goes, two heads are better than one.
Scientists have found that Geese flying in V formation can travel
around 71% further in a session than Geese flying solo (alone).
Working together on the task of flying is beneficial in a number of
ways:
Lesson 1 - The Importance of Achieving Common Goals
Aerodynamic Formation - The V formation of Geese is a way that
maximizes the energy expended by those flying as part of it. The bird
at the front of the flock breaks the air for those flying behind it
and creates a slipstream for them to be dragged along in. The birds
behind also help those in front as the upward motion of their wing
also create an upward draft that propels them forward. This push/pull
relationship ensures all birds in the formation benefit from the work
of others.
Outcome: When we have a sense of "Ummah (collectively united
Community)" and focus, we create trust and can help each other to
achieve our common goals.
Lesson 2 - The Importance of Team Work (Teamwork)
When a goose leaves the formation, he feels the resistance of the air
and the difficulties of flying alone. Then, he quickly comes back to
the formation to take advantage of the flock's power in front of him.
Outcome: If we had as much sense as Geese we would stay in formation
with those headed where we want to go. We are willing to accept their
help and give our help to others. Sharing the same direction and
working as a team, get us to the destination quicker and easier. By
helping ourselves, the accomplishments are greater.
Lesson 3 - The Importance of Sharing (Sharing Leadership)
Rotating Leadership - Even with the pushing effect of those behind it
- the front bird uses the most energy and becomes tired more quickly
than others. The Geese know that and instinctively rotate leadership
of the flock - allowing tired birds who have used a lot of energy for
the sake of the flock to take a rest and be dragged a long for a while
until it is there next turn up front.
Outcome: It pays to take turns doing the hard tasks. We should respect
and protect each other's unique arrangement of skills, capabilities,
talents and resources.
Lesson 4 - The Importance of Empathy and Understanding
Dropping out of the Flock - as a result of sickness or injury a bird
will occasionally begin to fall away from the flock - unable to keep
up. Instead of allowing this bird to fly on alone - at least two
others will always drop out of the flock with it. This ensures that
the injured bird will be defended and cared for until it is ready to
resume flying and that it will fly on with the benefit of flying in
formation.
Outcome: If we have as much sense as Geese we will stand by each
other. Let's stay beside each other no matter what the differences,
especially in times of difficulty and great challenges. If we bond
together and support each other, if we make true the spirit of
teamwork, regardless of our differences, we can rise to meet our
challenge.
Lesson 5 - The Importance of Encouragement
Power of the Honk - From the ground the V formation of the Geese is a
beautiful thing to watch - serenely gliding across the sky these birds
look quite majestic and peaceful. However get up into the flock and
you find it's quite a noisy affair with the Geese constantly honking
at one another. There are numerous theories about this honking and it
could be partly about letting each other know where they are so there
is no midair collision. But many believe that this honking is actually
about creating an environment of success and mutual encouragement.
Geese flying in formation 'Honk' to encourage those up front to keep
up with their speed.
Outcome: We need to make sure our honking is encouraging. In groups
and teams where there is encouragement, production is much greater.
'Individual empowerment results from quality honking'.
As a result of some of these principles the Geese can fly amazing
distances without stopping for rest - so much further than if they
tried to do it alone. Humans, like Geese, were created to work
together and to support one another. When we encourage each other and
support our leaders we can accomplish amazing things, much more than
trying to work alone.

Islam and Consultation: Mutual Consultation(Islamic Leadership, Islam and Teamwork)

A Lion who held all the beasts of the surrounding in subjection, and
was always in the habit of making raids upon them to snap and kill any
of them as he required for his daily food. It lasted very long until
the beasts took counsel together and all agreed to deliver him one of
their company each day. They thought that it would satisfy the Lion's
hunger, and as a result, he would cease to harm them by his continual
attacks.
The Lion was at first unwilling to trust them and seemed not to
believe such words, thus he went on by remarking that he would prefer
to rely on his effort. But, by being serious on their decision, the
beasts succeeded in persuading Lion that he would do well to trust
them and accept the free offerings.
Having carried the suggestion, the beasts continued for sometime to
perform their engagement sending each day a certain friend of theirs
to the Lion to devour.
Once it happened to be the turn of a Hare to be delivered up as a
victim to the Lion; but before long he requested the others to let him
practice device. The friends mocked him, asking how such a silly beast
as he could pretend to outwit the Lion. The Hare assured them that the
wisdom only belonged to Allah (SWT), and that was He who might choose
weak things to confound the strong. In the end they consented to let
him try his luck.
The Hare took slowly his way to the Lion, and found him roaring in
anger. In excuse for his being late Hare invented that he along with
another Hare had set out together to appear before the Lion, but a
strange strong Lion had seized the next Hare and carried him off into
his resting place in a ditch. On hearing the pitiful remarks of the
Hare the Lion was exceeding wroth, and commanded the Hare to show him
the foe who had trespassed on his area. Pretending to be afraid of the
second Lion, the Hare got on the present Lion to ride to the destiny
upon his back, and directed him to a well. On looking down the well,
the Lion saw in the water the reflection of himself and of the Hare on
his back. Quite in rage, he thought that it was the strong enemy of
his with the stolen Hare; he plunged down into the well to attack him.
From that moment, not only the Hare, but all his beast friends were
released by their wise consolation - which is based on Surah Shura, of
the Noble Qur'an: "And those who respond to their Lord and keep up
prayer, and their rule is to take counsel among themselves, and who
spend out of what We have given them." Noble Qur'an (42:38)
Since the principle of mutual consultation ("Shura") is mandatory, it
is a Muslim's fundamental right, as well as responsibility, to
participate in as many aspects of the community's life as possible.