Fwd: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

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From: Google Scholar Alerts <scholaralerts-noreply@google.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2013 22:16:16 +0000
Subject: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]
To: aydnajimudeen@gmail.com

Scholar Alert: [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

[HTML] Hyperuricemia as an Independent Predictor of Vascular
Complications and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A
Meta-Analysis
Y Xu, J Zhu, L Gao, Y Liu, J Shen, C Shen, G Matfin… - PLOS ONE, 2013
... 1.12-2.86), age, sex, smoking status, waist circumference, TC,
HDL-C, GFR, duration of diabetes,
HbA1c, hypertension, use of ... 2009) Elevated serum uric acid
concentrations independently predict
cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care
32: 1716-1720 ...

The impact of concordant and discordant comorbidities on
patient‐assessed quality of diabetes care
E Aung, M Donald, J Coll, J Dower, GM Williams - Health Expectations, 2013
... Our results suggest that discordant comorbidities do not compete
with diabetes care, whether
it is measured by patient ... al.[14] concluded that discordant
comorbidities, even when incident,
did not affect the management of hyperglycaemia and hypertension in
diabetic patients. ...

Metabolic Alkalosis
AS Reddi - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders, 2014
... to eating baking soda (a palm full with water) and covering the
foot ulcer with ... She has no history
of hypertension, migraine, or diabetes. ... 7. Hyperreninism and
hyperaldosteronism (malignant
and renovascular hypertension, renin-secreting tumors). 8. Liddle
syndrome. Question 4. ...

[HTML] G-CSF Prevents Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy in Rat
BI So, YS Song, CH Fang, JY Park, Y Lee, JH Shin… - PLOS ONE, 2013
... have demonstrated that administration of pioglitazone for 6 months
ameliorates renal injury, and
Ko et al. showed that treatment with enalapril for 32 weeks had
beneficial effects on renal damage
due to diabetes [15], [42]. ... diabetic nephropathy: role of hypertension. ...

Endothelial-Podocyte Crosstalk: The Missing Link Between Endothelial
Dysfunction and Albuminuria in Diabetes
FS Siddiqi, A Advani - Diabetes, 2013
... Accelerating factors, such as comorbid hypertension, may further
compound vascular damage
induced by high ... PODOCYTE INJURY AT THE CENTER OF DIABETIC
ALBUMINURIA. ... implicating
injury to glomerular podocytes as the major cause of albuminuria in
diabetes. ...

What is the value of growth hormone therapy in Prader Willi syndrome?
N Bridges - Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2013
... completely normalised with treatment and some features, like small
hands and feet are not ... treated
group, but there was no difference in the prevalence of diabetes,
sleep apnoea or ... of GH treatment
reported in other conditions (such as benign intracranial hypertension
and local ...

[PDF] MULTIPARAMETRIC MRI OF THE PROSTATE
T Dean - 2013
... or superior to bypass for patients with diabetes and ischaemic
foot ulcers. ... Below knee vessels
in a diabetic patient with critical limb ischaemia without open ... d.
Conditions that mimic carpal tunnel
syndrome – peripheral neuropathy (diabetes, chemotherapy, vitamin
deficiency etc ...

[PDF] Association of Genetic polymorphism of PPARgamma-2, ACE, MTHFR,
FABP-2 and FTO genes in risk prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus
S Abbas, ST Raza, F Ahmed, A Ahmad, S Rizvi… - Journal of Biomedical …, 2013
... Dominant negative mutations in human PPARgamma associated with
severe insulin resistance,
diabetes mellitus and hypertension. ... MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene
polymorphism and
hyperholnocysteinemia as risk factor of diabetic nephropathy in type 2
diabetes patients ...

Assessment of arterial stiffness among schizophrenia-spectrum
disorders using aortic pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance: A
pilot study
AA Phillips, DER Warburton, SW Flynn, D Fredrikson… - Psychiatry Research, 2013
... Ward physicians confirmed the absence of diabetes in all patients
enrolled in this study ... compliance,
we used applanation tonometry through the HDI CR-2000 (Hypertension
Diagnostics, Eagan ...
data (ie, smoking history, alcohol history, nutritional history and
diabetic status) were ...

Disorders of ECF Volume: Congestive Heart Failure
AS Reddi - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders, 2014
... Foot and leg discomfort due to edema, and abdominal discomfort due
to ascites are also frequently
presented complaints. ... Case 2. A 72-year-old man with history of
hypertension, type 2 diabetes,
coronary artery disease with stent placement, and CHF is admitted for ...

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Transmission of Sciences

The Muslims were thepioneers of sciencesandartsduring mediaeval times
and formed the necessary link between the ancients and the moderns.
Their light of learning dispelled the gloom that had enveloped Europe.
Spain
Moorish Spainwas the main source from which the scientific knowledge
of the Muslims and their great achievements were transmitted to
France, Germany and England. The Spanish universities
ofCordova,SevilleandGranadawere thronged with Christian and Jewish
students who learnt science from the Muslim scientists and who then
popularized them in their native lands.
Sicily
Another source for the transmission of Muslim scientific knowledge
wasSicily, where during the reign of Muslim kings and even afterwards
a large number of scientific works were translated from Arabic into
Latin. The most prominent translators who translated Muslims works
from Arabic into European languages wereGerard of Cremona,Adelard of
Bath,Roger Bacon and Robert Chester.
Writing in his celebrated workMoors in Spain, Stanley Lane Poole says,
"For nearly eight centuries under the Mohammadans rulers, Spain set
out to all Europe a shining example of a civilized and enlightened
State--Arts, literature and science prospered as they prospered
nowhere in Europe".
Muslim Spain
Students flocked from France, Germany and England to drink from the
fountain of learning which flowed down in the cities of Moors. The
surgeons and doctors ofAndalusiawere in the van of science; women
wereencouragedto serious study and thelady doctorwas not always
unknown among the people of Cordova.
Mathematics, astronomy and botany, history, philosophy and
jurisprudence, were to be mastered in Spain, and Spain alone. The
practical work of the field, the scientific methods ofirrigation,
thearts of fortificationandshipbuilding, of the highest and most
elaborate products of theloom, thegraveland thehammer, thepotter's
wheelandmason's trowel, were brought to perfection by the Spanish
Moors. Whatever makes a kingdom great and prosperous, whatever tends
to refinement and civilization was found inMuslim Spain.
The students flocked to Spanish cities from all parts of Europe to be
infused with the light of learning which lit up Moorish Spain. Another
western historian writes, "The light of these universities shone far
beyond the Muslim world, and drew students to them from east and
west".
At Cordova in particular there were a number of Christian students,
and the influence of Arab philosophy coming by way of Spain upon
universities ofParis,Oxfordand North Italy and upon western Europe
thought generally, was very considerable indeed. The book copying
industry flourished atAlexandria,Damascus,CairoandBaghdadand about the
year970, there were 27 free schools open in Cordova for the education
of the poor.
Such were the great achievements of Muslims in the field of science
which paved the way for the growth of modern sciences.

Experimental Methods by Muslims

Observation and experiment are the two sources of scientific
knowledge.Aristotlewas the father of the Greek sciences, and has made
a lasting contribution to physics, astronomy, biology, meteorology and
other sciences. The Greek method of acquiring scientific knowledge was
mainly speculative, hence science as such could make little headway
during the time of the Greeks.
The Arabs who were more realistic and practical in their
approachadopted the experimental methodto harness scientific
knowledge. Observation and experiment formed the vehicle of their
scientific pursuits, hence they gave a new outlook to science of which
the world had been totally unaware. Their achievements in the field of
experimental science added agolden chapterto the annals of scientific
knowledge and opened a new vista for the growth of modern sciences.
Al-Ghazaliwas the follower of Aristotle in logic, but among
Muslims,Ishraqi and Ibn-iTaimiyyawere first to undertake the
systematic refutation of Greek logic.Abu Bakr Razicriticized
Aristotle's first figure and followed the inductive spirit which was
reformulated by John Stuart Mill.Ibn-i-Hazmin his well known work
Scope of Logic lays stress on sense perception as a source of
knowledge andIbn-i-Taimiyyain his Refutation of Logic proves beyond
doubt that induction is the only sure form of argument, which
ultimately gave birth to the method of observation and experiment.
It isabsolutely wrongto assume that experimental method wasformulated
in Europe. Roger Bacon, who, in the west is known as the originator of
experimental method in Europe, had himself received his training from
the pupils of Spanish Moors, and hadlearnt everything from
Muslimsources.
The influence ofIbn Haithamon Roger Bacon is clearly visible in his
works.Europe was very slowto recognize the Islamic origin of her much
advertised scientific (experimental) method. Writing in the Making of
Humanity, Briffault admits,
"It was under their successors at the Oxford School that Roger Bacon
learned Arabic and Arabic science. Neither Roger Bacon nor his later
namesake has any title to be credited with having introduced the
experimental method. Roger Bacon was no more than one of the apostles
of Muslim science and method to Christian Europe; and he never wearied
of declaring that the knowledge of Arabic and Arabic science was for
his contemporaries the only way to true knowledge. Discussions as to
who was the originator of the experimental method......are part of the
colossal misrepresentation of the origins of European civilization.
Theexperimental method of Arabswas by Bacon's time widespread and
eagerly cultivated throughout Europe. Science is the most momentous
contribution of Arab civilization to the modern world, but its fruits
were slow in ripening. Not until long after Moorish culture had sunk
back into darkness did the giant to which it had given birth, rise in
his might. It was not science only which brought Europe back to life.
Other and manifoldinfluences from the civilization of
Islamcommunicated its first glow to European life.
For although there is not a single aspect of European growth in which
the decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable, nowhere is
it so clear and momentous as in the genesis of that power which
constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world, and
the supreme source of its victory-natural science and the scientific
spirit, The debt of our science to that of the Arabs does not consist
in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a
great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence.
The ancient world was, as we saw, pre-scientific. The astronomy and
mathematics of Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly
acclimatized in Greek culture. The Greeks systematized, generalized
and theorized, but the patient ways of investigations, the
accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute methods of science,
detailed and prolonged observation and experimental enquiry were
altogether alien to the Greek temperament.
Only inHellenistic Alexandriawas any approach to scientific work
conducted in the ancient classical world. That spirit and those
methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs."
In his outstanding workThe Reconstruction of Religious Thought in
Islam,Dr. M. Iqbal, the poet of Islam writes, "The first important
point to note about the spirit of Muslim culture then is that for
purposes of knowledge, it fixes its gaze on the concrete, the finite.
It is further clear that thebirth of the method of observationand
experiment in Islam was due not to a compromise with Greek thought but
to prolonged intellectual warfare with it. In fact the influence of
Greeks who, as Briffault says, were interested chiefly in theory, not
in fact, tended rather to obscure the Muslim's vision of the Quran,
and for at least two centuries kept the practical Arab temperament
from asserting itself and coming to its own."
Thus the experimental method introduced by the Arabs was responsible
for the rapid advancement of science during the mediaeval times.

Chemistry by Muslims

Chemistry as a science is unquestionably theinvention of the Muslims.
It is one of the sciences in which Muslims have made the greatest
contribution and developed it to such a high degree of perfection that
they were considered authorities in this science until the end of the
17th century A. D.
Jabir and Zakariya Razihave the distinction of being thegreatest
chemists the mediaeval timesproduced. Writing in his illuminating
History of the Arabs, Philip K. Hitti acknowledges the greatness of
Arabs in this branch of science when he says, "After materia medica,
astronomy and mathematics, the Arabs made their greatest scientific
contribution in chemistry. In the study of chemistry and other
physical sciences, the Arabs introduced the objective experiment, a
decided improvement over the hazy speculation of Greeks. Accurate in
the observation of phenomena and diligent in the accumulation of
facts, the Arabs nevertheless found it difficult to project proper
hypotheses."
Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber)
Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber)who flourished in Kufa about776 A.D.is known
as thefather of modern chemistryand along with Zakariya Razi, stands
as the greatest name in the annals of chemical science during
mediaeval times. He got his education fromUmayyad Prince Khalid Ibn
Yazid Ibn Muawiyahand the celebrated Imam Jafar al-Sadiq.
He worked on the assumption that metals like lead, tin and iron could
be transformed into gold by mixing certain chemical substances. It is
said that he manufactured a large quantity of gold with the help of
that mysterious substance and two centuries later, when a street was
rebuilt in Kufa a large piece of gold was unearthed from his
laboratory.
He laid great emphasis on the importance of experimentation in his
research and hence he made great headway in chemical science, Western
writers credit him with thediscovery of several chemicalcompounds,
which are not mentioned in his twenty-two extant Arabic works.
According to Max Meyerhof "His influence may be traced throughout the
whole historic course of European alchemy and chemistry." He is
credited, with the writing of100 chemical works. "Nevertheless, the
works to which his name was attached" says Hitti, "were after the 14th
century, the most influential chemical treatises in both Europe and
Asia."
He explained scientifically thetwo principal operationsof
chemistry,calcinationandreduction, and registered a marked improvement
in the methods ofevaporation,sublimation
filtration,distillationandcrystallization. Jabir modified and
corrected the Aristotelian theory of theconstituents of metal, which
remained unchanged until the beginning of modern chemistry in the 18th
century.
He has explained in his works thepreparation of many chemical
substancesincluding "Cinnabar" (sulphide of mercury) and arsenic
oxide. It has been established through historical research that he
knew how to obtain nearly pure vitrilos, alums, alkalis and how to
produce 'the so-called liver' and milk of sulphur byheating sulphur
with alkali.
He preparedmercury oxideand was fully conversant with the preparation
of crude sulphuric and nitric acids. He knew the method of thesolution
of gold and silverwith this acid. His chemical treatises on such
subjects have beentranslated into several Europeanlanguages including
Latin and several technical scientific terms invented by Jabir have
been adopted in modern chemistry.
A real estimate of his achievements is only possible when his enormous
chemical work including theBook of Seventyare published. Richard
Russell (1678, A.D.) an English translator ascribes a book entitledSun
of Perfection to Jabir. A number of his chemical works have been
published by Berthelot. His books translated into English are theBook
of Kingdom,Book of BalancesandBook of Easternmercury.
Jabir also advanced a theory on thegeologic formation of metalsand
dealt with many useful practical applications of chemistry such as
refinement of metals, preparation of steel and dyeing of cloth and
leather, varnishing of waterproof cloth and use of manganese dioxide
to color glass.
Jabir was recognized as themasterby the later chemists
includingAl-Tughrai and Abu al-Qasim al-Iraqiwho flourished in the
12th and 13th centuries respectively. These Muslim chemists made
little improvement on the methods of Jabir. They confined themselves
to the quest of the legendary elixir which they could never find.
Zakariya Razi
Zakariya Raziknown asRhazasin Latin is thesecond great namein
mediaeval chemical science. Born in 850 A.D. at Rayy, he is known as
one of the greatest physicians of all times. He wroteKitab al Asrarin
chemistry dealing with the preparation of chemical substances and
their application. His great work of the art of alchemy was recently
found in the library of an Indian prince.
Razi has proved himself to be a greater expert than all his
predecessors, including Jabir, in the exactclassification of
substances. His description of chemical experiments as well as their
apparatus are distinguished for their clarity which were not visible
in the writings of his predecessors. Jabir and other Arabian chemists
divided mineral substances into bodies (gold, silver etc.), souls
(sulphur, arsenic, etc.) and spirits (mercury and sal-ammoniac) while
Razi classified hismineral substances as vegetable, animal and
mineral.
Other Notable Chemists
The mineral substances were also classified byAl-Jabiz.Abu Mansur
Muwaffaqhas contributed to the method of the preparation and
properties of mineral substances.Abul Qasimwho was a renowned chemist
prepared drugs by sublimation and distillation. High class sugar and
glass were manufactured in Islamic countries. The Arabs were also
expert in themanufacture of ink, lacquers,solders, cements and
imitationpearls.