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Monday, April 22, 2013

Stipulations in Pre-Nuptial Contracts and Inheritance Laws

Question:
I have a question regarding the marriage contract and pre-nuptial
requests or agreements. Can the wife or the wife's family specify in
the marriage contract thatthe wife should receive a certain financial
sum or property etc if the husband should pass away while she is
married to him (for reasons of security). I understood that this kind
of issue is best covered in the Islamic will and completely voluntary,
not a form of bribery, i.e. the bride will only marry the groom if he
agreesto a kind of dowry or haqmar if he should pass away.
Answer:
Wa alaik as salam,
The wife is entitled to receive 1/4 of the husband's estate/assets in
case of his death if he is not survived by children and 1/8 if he is
survived by children. (See Sura AnNisa: 12)
The above will Islamicallyapply whether he has left behind a will or not.
The husband is obligatedto give his wife enough to take care of her
and the children's basic needs according to his and her financial
status. (See Sura At-Talaq: 7)
A certain amount may bestipulated for the husband to give his wife on
a periodic basis with mutual consent at the time of marriage or any
time after it and the husband will be legally obliged to pay that
amount. If any payments have been missed, the wife is allowed to take
that amount from her husband's assets at the time of his death before
distribution. (See Raddul Muhtar chapter on Nafaqah as given below)
A husband may also gift her a property or a certain amount of moneyfor
the sake of her security during his soundhealth without the intention
of depriving his other heirs.
If it is stipulated in the way mentioned in the question i.e. after
the death of the husband thewife will receive X amount, then this will
fall under the category of an Islamic will, and an Islamic will can
only be executed for non-heirs within 1/3 of the deceased's assets
balance after covering funeral costs and paying off debts. A wife
being an heir is not entitled to any share in the will unless all
heirs are of the age of puberty and they consent to it. Thus there are
two possible case scenarios:
1) One of the heirs is a minor; she will only be entitled to the
prescribed share that a wife is Islamically entitled to i.e. 1/4 if
there are no children or 1/8 if there are children. In this case the
wife will be entitled to her full share regardless of the stipulated X
amount.
2) All heirs are major andconsent to her having anextra share in the
will ontop of her prescribed share and the X amount is equivalent to
or less than 1/3 of the assets' balance; she will be eligible for the
full X amount plus her prescribed share.
3) All heirs are major andconsent and the X amount is greater than 1/3
but not greater than 1/3 plus the 1/8 she is entitled to; she will
receive her full 1/8 and the remainder from within 1/3 of the assets'
balance before distribution.
4) All heirs are major andconsent and the X amount is greater than 1/3
and 1/8 put together;she will receive the full 1/3 + her full 1/8 and
the remaining amount will only be given to her if one or the rest of
the heirs consent to giving up a portion of their share.
And only Allah Almighty knows best.
Mohammed-Umer Ibn Ibrahim
Sources: سنن الترمذي :2020 ‏حدثنا ‏ ‏بندار ‏ ‏حدثنا‏ ‏يزيد بن هارون ‏
‏أخبرنا ‏ ‏سفيان ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏أبي إسحق ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏الحارث ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏علي ‏ ‏أنه
قال ‏ ‏إنكم تقرءون هذه الآية ‏ ‏من بعد وصية توصون بها أو دين ‏ ‏وإن
رسول الله ‏ ‏صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ ‏قضى بالدين قبل الوصية وإن ‏ ‏أعيان
‏ ‏بني الأم يتوارثون دون بني ‏ ‏العلات ‏ ‏الرجل يرث أخاه لأبيه وأمه
دون أخيه لأبيه ‏ ‏حدثنا ‏ ‏بندار ‏ ‏حدثنا ‏ ‏يزيد بن هارون ‏ ‏أخبرنا ‏
‏زكريا بن أبي زائدة ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏أبي إسحق ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏الحارث ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏علي ‏
‏عن النبي ‏ ‏صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ ‏بمثله ‏
‏Bukahri:1213; حدثنا ‏ ‏عبد الله بن يوسف ‏ ‏أخبرنا ‏ ‏مالك ‏ ‏عن ‏
‏ابن شهاب ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏عامر بن سعد بن أبي وقاص ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏أبيه ‏ ‏رضي له عنه
‏ ‏قال ‏ ‏كان رسول الله ‏ ‏صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ ‏يعودني عام حجة الوداع
من وجع اشتد بي فقلت إني قد بلغ بي من الوجع وأنا ذو مال ولا يرثني إلا
ابنة أفأتصدق بثلثي مالي قال لا فقلت بالشطر فقال لا ثم قال ‏ ‏الثلث
والثلث كبير ‏ ‏أو كثير ‏ ‏إنك أن تذر ورثتك أغنياء خير من أن تذرهم عالة
يتكففون الناس وإنك لن تنفق نفقة تبتغي بها وجه الله إلا أجرت بها حتى ما
تجعل في ‏ ‏في امرأتك فقلت يا رسول الله ‏ ‏أخلف ‏ ‏بعد أصحابي قال إنك
لن ‏ ‏تخلف ‏ ‏فتعمل عملا صالحا إلا ازددت به درجة ورفعة ثم لعلك أن تخلف
حتى ينتفع بك أقوام ويضربك آخرون اللهم أمض لأصحابي هجرتهم ولا تردهم على
أعقابهم لكن ‏ ‏البائس ‏ ‏سعد بن خولة ‏ ‏يرثي له رسول الله ‏ ‏صلى الله
عليه وسلم ‏ ‏أن مات ‏ ‏بمكة
‏Tirmidhy:2046 حدثنا ‏ ‏علي بن حجر ‏ ‏وهناد ‏ ‏قالا حدثنا ‏ ‏إسمعيل بن
عياش ‏ ‏حدثنا ‏ ‏شرحبيل بن مسلم الخولاني ‏ ‏عن ‏ ‏أبي أمامة الباهلي ‏
‏قال ‏ ‏سمعت رسول الله ‏ ‏صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ ‏يقول في خطبته عام حجة
الوداع ‏ ‏إن الله قد أعطى لكل ذي حق حقه فلا وصية لوارث الولد ‏ ‏للفراش
‏ ‏وللعاهر ‏ ‏الحجر ‏ ‏وحسابهم على الله ومن‏ ‏ادعى ‏ ‏إلى غير أبيه أو
انتمى إلى غير ‏ ‏مواليه ‏ ‏فعليه لعنةالله ‏ ‏التابعة ‏ ‏إلى يوم
القيامة لا تنفق امرأة من بيت زوجها إلا بإذن زوجها قيل يا رسولالله ولا
الطعام قال ذلك أفضل أموالنا ثم قال ‏ ‏العارية ‏ ‏مؤداة ‏ ‏والمنحة ‏
‏مردودة والدين مقضي ‏ ‏والزعيم ‏ ‏غارم
Raddul Muhtar: رد المحتار على الدر المختار > باب النفقة > مطلب لا تصير
النفقةدينا إلا بالقضاء أو الرضا ( والنفقة لا تصير دينا إلا بالقضاء أو
الرضا ) أي اصطلاحهما على قدر معين أصنافا أو دراهم ، فقبل ذلك لا يلزم
شيء ، وبعده ترجع بما أنفقت ولو من مال نفسها بلا أمر قاض


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