Special systems that increase plants' enduranceagainst drought

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What are the systems plants possess to increase their endurance against drought?
How do plant leaves hold water?
What are the protective mechanisms in the roots?
What are the properties of creation for storing water in plant cells?
Water is of vital importance for plants. All plants have to obtain the water they need during different periods of growth and development from their own environment. However, water exists in different amounts in different parts of the world. In some locations, it is abundant because of rivers, underground aquifers and rains. In some locations, it is scarce. In drought locations where water is scarce, Almighty Allah created very different systems for plants to benefit water at most.
The Systems Almighty Allah Created in Plant Leaves Against Drought
When the word drought is mentioned, an environment in which no living being can easily survive comes to the mind. Indeed, the number of living beings that dwell in environments with less water is quite low. However, when this dry environment is examined more closely, it is plants, which live in very difficult conditions together with their special and different varieties, which draw our attention.
The Shapes of Some Plants Increase Their Capacity to Store Water
Plants are created with a special and durable structure to struggle against extreme temperature and lack of water and to increase their endurance against drought. For example, the leaves of some plants are camouflage experts that imitate the rocks around them. Plants defend themselves against the animals around them with this method. Furthermore, plants also have the capacity to store water in a more efficient and voluminous way. For a plant, thinking that it will not capture any attention with the appearance of a rock, calculating that it will store more water in the shape of a rock and developing plans accordingly is not of course possible. Despite this, plants display rational and conscious behavior. This is because Allah, Who has all knowledge of the world and has the greatest intelligence, created the plants.
Leaves are Covered with Special Materials to Protect Against the Effects of Light and to Decrease Vaporization:
For plants to stand up to drought, water is protected in large and thin-walled cells found in the body and leaves. Therefore, the leaves of some plants are covered with a thick waxed layer (caticula). This waxed upper layer prevents high temperatures from penetrating the plant and protects the plant by decreasing vaporization. There are hairs and thorns on the surface of some plants. For example, the cactus protects the water it stores by its thorns, which can distribute temperature, protect its water filled body from animals and even stand erect when required. Some plants reflect sunlight using their thick leaves covered with white hairs and thus prevent water loss.
The Shapes of Leaves Decrease Water Loss
The shape of leaves is created in a way to prevent water loss or to store more water in order to increase plants’ endurance against drought. For example, when the curling leaves of the ctenanthe setosa, which is a foliage plant, are subjected to light, it decreases its leaves by 68% and thus decreases its perspiration rate by 70%.
The plant called the “window cover crop” buries its whole body underneath the ground and only shows its tips outside. There are photosynthesis cells at the tip of its leaves.
These cells use the light for photosynthesis. By means of this special creation, the plant can obtain both the food it needs and also decreases water loss to a great extent.
The leaves of some plants are in the shape of an orb. The orb has the greatest capacity for storing water as it has the largest surface area. These leaves decrease water loss and vaporization with their pores, which are closed in the day and open at nights, thanks to this ability.
Plants have had these characteristics in their leaves since the first time they were created. All of these characteristics are formed with Allah’s command, “Be”. For Allah Who created all worlds, creating beings different from one another is of course by His will. In one verse it is revealed as follows:
“It is Allah Who created the seven heavens and of the earth the same number,the Command descending down through all of them,so that you might know that Allah has power over all things and that Allah encompasses all things in His knowledge.” (Surat at-Talaq, 12)
The Systems Allah Created to Prevent Drought in Plant Roots
As is known, plants need to do photosynthesis and take in the water and minerals from the soil for this process. In order to satisfy these needs they have roots that drill under the ground. The task of the roots is to spread rapidly under the ground like a net and suck in the minerals. The roots, which are spread into the depths of the soil, transfer the water and minerals the plant needs to the leaves through the body and branches. The roots in the ground searching for water thus act like a drill. In periods of drought, some plants fasten the growth of their roots. The root tips continue to search the depths of the soil until they find water. Water first enters the root from the outer membrane and capillary cells. It passes through the cell and to the body tissue from cell covers. Here it spreads to every part of the plant. With this method, water lost is immediately replaced and every drop of water vaporized is renewed.
This process, which is flawlessly carried out by the plant, is actually a very complex one; indeed, so complex that the workings of this systems has not yet been understood even today in the era of high technology. The existence of this “water booster” system in trees was discovered almost two years ago. However, still no laws that explain how this anti-gravity movement takes places have been found. The result found after the studies of scientists is the perfection in the water booster system. Technology that is fitted inside such a small location is only one of the evidences that show us the intelligence of the One Who created this system. Allah created the process of water being carried through the roots as He created everything in the universe.
Mechanisms Our Lord Created in Plant Cells Against Drought:
Plants increase the amount of acid, proline and carbohydrates in their structures in times when drought increases.
In times of drought, when there is no change in the amount of other hormones, the amount of abscisic acid increases by 40 times. This change causes the closure of leaf pores and this in turn causes a decrease in water loss via perspiration, in order to protect plants during droughts and water deficiency. In comparison to leaves, roots begin to grow with the stimulation of this hormone. In this way, roots pull the water into the depths inside the leaves and the body. It is of course not possible that a hormone with no intelligence or consciousness could give the command of reduction to decrease vaporization in leaf pores and of growth to increase water need in roots. This process, which requires a superior mind and mathematical calculation, is realized by Allah’s inspiration.
Proline, which is one of the 20 amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins , increases its amount by 80-100 times within a few seconds and prevents water loss.
During drought, plant cells increase the amount of carbohydrates inside it. So it decreases water potential and prevents water dispersing through osmosis (movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration without spending energy).
Potassium also controls the opening and closing of leaf pores. For example, in plants like sugar cane and corn that are exposed to temperature and dry air for a long time, pores stay closed in order to hold water for an entire day completely or partially. These plants need to take in carbohydrates in order to do photosynthesis in daytime. Under normal circumstances, pores need to stay open as much as they can. This is impossible, because in such a situation, it constantly loses water due to high temperatures by means of its open pores and thus, it dies after some time. Therefore, plant’s pores need to be closed. In order to solve this problem, some plants that live in hot climate regions have a carbon dioxide pump that takes the carbon dioxide in the air inside its leaves efficiently and even if its pores are closed, it uses special chemical pumps in order to take carbon dioxide inside its leaves. There is no doubt that these chemical pumps are created specially to carry their duties in the most sensitive way, by Allah’s leave.
Allah is the One Who Controls the Precaution Plants Take Against Drought
Persistent drought conditions such as those found in arid environments contain difficulties that will make life very difficult for any living being. The systems plants have in order to adapt to this difficult environment are clear evidence for creation. Almighty Allah bestowed mechanisms that protect against drought on these plants and He inspired them to use these mechanisms in a very sensitive way. Plants maintain their lives using these mechanisms bestowed by our Lord. Human beings that have intelligence and abilities that cannot be compared to plants use technology against the dangers of drought. However, plants survive even in environments in which people are weak and could die of drought, by means of the protective systems Allah inspires them.
These qualities of plants are only one of the evidences, which prove that plants could not exist by coincidence. The fact that leaves, roots, seeds and cells have the traits to specially protect plants from drought is one of the most important evidences of creation. The details in creation and perfection shows the mightiness, knowledge and art of Almighty Allah and one more time proves that Allah is the One Who creates plants with their most perfect qualities. In one verse this is revealed as such:
“Do they not see how We drive water to barren land and bring forth crops by it which their livestock and they themselves both eat? So will they not see?” (Surat as-Sajda, 27)
The systems which plants possess against drought bring a very striking view out into the open. Some plants are bestowed with special systems and structures to resist drought. These plants store water, camouflage or go to sleep. Some of them prevent their seeds from sprouting via chemical methods. Even in a dry environment, where all sorts of deprivation and difficulty prevail, many plant species maintain their lives by protecting themselves against the heat and drought together with other species. These plants show us Allah’s infinite knowledge and art with their special systems once more. In one verse, it is revealed as such:
“What is in the heavens and in the earth belongs to Allah. Allah encompasses all things. ” (Surat an-Nisa, 126)
As does every creature in the world, plants have completel y flawless systems and since the first moment they were created, they have come down to this day without any change in their characteristics. Plants are completely flawless from the way they drop their leaves to their green color, from the woody structure of their trunks to the existence of their roots and formation of fruits, as well as their precautions against drought. In one verse, it is revealed as such:
“It is He Who sends down rain from the sky: from it ye drink, and out of it (grows) the vegetation on which ye feed your cattle. With it He produces for you corn, olives, date-palms, grapes and every kind of fruit: verily in this is a sign for those who give thought.“ (Surah an-Nahl, 10-11)
Some Plants Leave Their Seeds During Sleep To Resist the Drought
One of the methods, plants use to struggle against excessive temperature and thirstiness is to “stay asleep”. Plants, which use this method by resisting drought and thirstiness with their special structures, are called “ephemeral” plants. These plants, which generally live for one year and avoid thirstiness by staying asleep in the state of seed during times of drought, sprout by opening their seeds very quickly after the rain and their seedlings grow very fast. Blossoming takes place in short time and so the plant can move from the state of seed to the state of seed production within a couple of weeks. However, there is an amazing example of intelligence in these plants. If all the seeds of ephemerals became green with a single rain and then die with a sudden drought, they would become extinct. But most of these plants have mechanisms that make them become green only after taking in large amounts of rain. In this way, they can maintain the continuation of their origin with the superior creation of our Almighty Lord.

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The Flawless Wonder of Engineering: The woody structure that makes trees solid

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How do trees resist strong winds and stand for hundreds of years?
What are the features of the structure that makes trees solid?
How do the roots, body and leaves of the tree make it solid?
Trees, which are one of the most important research fields of the science world, act as an inspiration to scientists on many issues and the details in their creation are still being discovered. One of the most striking features of trees which capture the scientists’ attention the most is their bark, which are a wonder of engineering. The bark, which forms a major part of the tree, is still not entirely understood despite advanced technology and intensive research used. This structure, which gives strength and an aesthetic appearance to trees, not only helps carry all of the leaves and branches but also protects the tree from climate conditions like wind and storms and helps trees stand for hundreds of years. What brings such solidity to the bark of trees is the arrangement of their cells and their structural characteristics.
The Cells in the Bark of Trees Are Arranged to Provide Solidity
More than 90% of wood cells are composed of thin tubes that stick on one another very tightly and move along the trunk with branches. This helps water to be carried to the leaves and at the same time provides solidity for the tree. As it is known, trees generally resist against external forces such as winds. This resistance generally comes out as the tree bends in the face of wind. However, no matter which direction the tree bends, it moves parallel to the cells and lines of the wood. As the concave part of the long and thin cell particles arranged parallel to one another resist the pressure like a column, the convex part elongates like a rope and ensures that tree stands solid in the face of winds by making the tree flexible against outside effects. Moreover, tube-like structures are more solid compared to uniform structures. Engineers can increase the solidity of structures by using these structural characteristics, which are a manifestation of the superior intelligence of Allah, the Lord of worlds, for several designs.
Lines of Cells Interlocked Increases Solidity
There are circles interlocked with one another inside the tree trunk, in order to increase the solidity of the cells arranged parallel to one another and to prevent the wood from cracking. These ensure that the wood stands together with parallel cells, because if there were an impact on the cells parallel to the wood, the circles would show resistance in the opposite direction of the outside effect. These layers form 80% of the total thickness of the cell membrane, and this is the part that pulls the actual weight. When there is an impact, it splits from the cells surrounding it and collapses inside and absorbs the energy of the impact. In this way, even though dents form a long crack along the fibers, the woody structure remains intact. So even if there is a crack, it has the strength to carry a certain amount of weight. This structure of wood prevents it from being crushed under its own weight.
This provides a special structure that makes the tree solid and flexible. There is a superior intelligence, which grants trees all of their characteristics, and places these systems in areas so small that they can only be defined with measurements like one in one hundredth and even one thousandth of a millimeter. The owner of this intelligence is Allah, Who is the ruler of all worlds and controls all things. This is revealed in the verse:
“ Everyone in the heavens and earth belongs to Him. All are submissive to Him. ” (Surat ar-Rum, 26)
The Structure of the Cell Membrane Provides Strength and Solidity for the Tree
Every detail in the tree’s creation – the thinness of the layers, their density, number and order of veins, the substances inside- is created specially to ensure solidity. The cell membrane is also created from a durable substance that increases the wood’s mechanical features. This is composed of tiny cellulose fibrils. These make the bark more solid and prevents it from breaking up. This structure makes the wood even more solid than fiberglass. Therefore, boats made of wood are more resistant to strong tides than fiberglass ones .
Tree Trunk is Completely Composed of a Wood-like Structure
The general appearance of trees is one of branches and leaves coming out of a single trunk. Allah created the trunk as a single thick column in order to prevent it being bent down. Thanks to this superior creation, the tree can carry all the leaves and branches that put weight on it. Moreover, the trunk needs to be single and thick in order to resist the movement of bending that occurs due to strong winds. This is because a single, thick trunk is much more solid and resistant than many thin trunks.
Our Lord gave the tree solidity with the shape of the trunk. The part of the trunk that is closest to the ground is larger. In this way, the part of the tree that is more resistant to outside effects becomes more solid with the thickening of the solid woody material.
Allah is the One Who Creates the Tree’s Bark and Grants Inimitable Characteristics to It
One of the basic chemical substances that form the tree’s structure is “lignocellulosex.” This matter is composed of a mixture of “lignin” and “cellulose” that makes the wood solid. When the chemical structure of trees is studied, it is seen that it is composed of 50% cellulose, 25% hemicellulose and 25% lignin. When the chemical formulas of these substances are examined, three chemical elements come across in their formation. Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon,
Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon elements are the building blocks of millions of substances in nature. However, these three elements come together and form the “lignocellulosex” in plant’s structure as a miracle of Allah. Even though scientists have these materials, they cannot artificially produce this special substance in the plant’s structure. Even though they can easily obtain these elements commonly found in nature and there is a tree sample in front of them, scientists cannot form even a piece of wood by artificial means. However, all of the trees that we see around us combine the oxygen and carbon in the air, water and sunlight, and have prepared this composition for millions of years since they came into existence. The details in the bark of the tree remind us of the superior qualities of the tree’s creation as Allah reveals in Surah al-Waqi‘a. It is revealed in one verse as such:
“ Have you thought about the fire that you light? Is it you who make the trees that fuel it grow or are We the Grower? We have made it to be a reminder and a comfort for travellers in the wild. So glorify the name of your Lord, the Magnificent! ” (Surah al-Waqi‘a, 71-74)
This characteristic, which our Lord created inside the bark of trees, could not yet been formed by any scientific study. This material is delicate enough to carry its leaves, strong enough to prevent trees being crushed under their own weight, breaking or being uprooted against strong winds, light enough to prevent the tree from being crushed under its own weight and solid enough to prevent it from coming apart in the face of any outside effect. This characteristic of wood is a result of our Lord’s superior intelligence, which manifests on the arrangement of cells and microscopic features of cell membranes.
No material designed by men could have the characteristics of solidity, strength, delicacy and lightness that wood possesses at the same time. Brick and glass break under pressure, steel and concrete are solid but very heavy. Wood is a true wonder of creation when compared to these materials. The fact that even a single cell that forms the tree cannot be replicated via artificial means, that man is helpless in the face of the creation of trees despite all his means, the tree’s characteristics which would fill volumes of books , their incredible features that inspire scientists all display the superior knowledge and intelligence of the creation of the tree. This knowledge and intelligence that manifests on the tree belong to Almighty Allah, Who creates all things and controls everything.
The Tree’s Root, Branch and Leaf System Increases Their Solidity
Characteristics of Roots
Trees communicate about strong winds and storms to their trunks and root systems. Our Lord created the root systems of trees in a way that will fix the tree into the land very strongly. As it is known, a big part of the tree’s root systems is made up of the main root. This fixes the trees into the soil just like stakes that fix a tent into the ground. The side roots coming out of the main root act as ropes that fix the tent and prevent the main root from being twisted.
As trees age, the main roots begin to lose their importance. However, our Lord’s superior intelligence manifests here. Subsidiary roots begin to grow to make the tree stronger. Subsidiary roots become taller and thicker and causes the root to branch out and form a net. As these roots would not be adequate to fix the tree in place on their own, the thin roots that grow out of subsidiary roots ensure that the tree holds into the soil more strongly.
The Effect of Branches and Leaves That Decreases the Friction Force of the Air
Since the branches and leaves of the tree are much thinner, they decrease the aerodynamic friction force and makes it easier for the tree to hold onto the ground. However, thanks to this feature of creation, the effect of strong winds on a five-meter tall pine tree are decreased by one third. Palm trees can endure even the strongest winds thanks to this characteristic. Trees that drop their leaves decrease the wind’s effect by bending more against strong winter storms. And trees that do not drop their leaves decrease the force of friction with leaves pressing against branches. As it has been seen, Allah created perfect systems for trees to hold onto the ground firmly. Allah, He Who protects all living beings and Who has superior power is the Creator of all things.
“Have they not looked at the heaven above them; how We structured it and adorned it and it has no rifts? And the earth; We spread it out and cast therein firmly set mountains and made grow therein something of every beautiful kind. Giving insight and a reminder for every servant who turns to Allah.” (Surah Qaf, 6-8)

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Examples of Allah's Art of Variety: The Fastest Animals

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Our Lord’s mercy and compassion over living beings manifests itself in many ways. One of these manifstations is the amazing speed animals use to survive, sometimes to run away and sometimes when they have to chase.
What are the fastest animals in the world?
What are the characteristics of these animals?
Fastest Beings In The Air
Birds are the fastest animals on earth. That friction force is less in the air has a big impact on birds being the fastest creatures. The fastest among birds is the tercel, which is as big as a crow. The speed of this little bird, which flies 320 kilometers per hour, is equal to the latest speeds of cars such as the Lamborghini Murcielago Convertible, which is the fastest production car in the world, and Formula 1 racers.
These beings first climb in the air and then dive on their prey flying underneath them at a speed of 320 kilometers per hour, using a special hunting technique called “diving.” Then they suddenly catch the prey that dies as a result of this impact in the air and this ends the hunting process. These beings gain this amazing speed only when they dive to the ground for hunting. There is no doubt that the speed of this bird, that reached a record speed in the air when compared to other birds, and the ability to calculate the impact point or catch its prey in mid-air cannot occur coincidentally. Besides these, birds of the falcon species need to be able to see their prey from very far distances in order to maintain its life. This could only be ensured with the visual acuity of falcons being seven times sharper than that of man. This speed of falcons is, no doubt, a wonder of creation that makes them perfect hunters and are a result of Almighty Allah’s superior creation. They could only fly because Allah, the All-Knowing, inspires them to fly this fast and because He created the necessary systems in their bodies. In one verse, this truth is revealed as follows:
“ Have they not looked at the birds above them, with wings outspread and folded back? Nothing holds them up but the All-Merciful. He sees all things. ” (Surat al-Mulk, 19)
Fastest Beings in Water:
All sea creatures from the tiniest fish to the biggest whale move easily with a superior maneuverability , swim with the highest efficiency by masterly using their body weight and easily feed. The reason for this is that the swimming system of every fish species is created in a perfect manner. The location of their fins is specially selected, the size of their gills and the indents on their skins have the characteristics that meet their needs perfectly.
The way a fish swims looks like the working system of machines. Almost all machines move around a fixed axis with a fixed rotation speed and produce power via pieces called shafts. Fish also produce power, but their working system is much different than that of machines. Every single crank in fish is connected in such a way that movement takes place on a single plane. Therefore, the fish’s spine moves right and left continuously like a snake curling on the ground. The fish’s speed of forward movement is also directly proportional to the right-to-left traffic speed of the axis of the fin along the fish’s spine. When the fin gets close to the axis speed increases and when it is away from it, it decreases.
Sudden acceleration is vital for fish, because they need this capability both to hunt and to run away from predators. Some small fish can reach their maximum speeds in a short time like one-twentieth of a second. The thrust they produce in the meantime is four times their own weight.
This means sports cars reaching 100 kilometers from 0 kilometer within 4-6 seconds, but normally such a thing is impossible because cars need more time to reach their maximum speeds. However, for fish the time we mentioned is only one-twentieth of a second. Besides all of these, there is also another point that needs to be mentioned. Fish also show this superior performance sometimes swimming against currents. When it is considered that water’s resistance is far more than that of the air, it can be understood that fish have an extraordinary performance. Some examples about this superior performance of fish are as follows:
The best example about this subject is no doubt the Mediterranean spearfish. The Mediterranean spearfish, which looks like a swordfish and has a very large dorsal fin , is the fastest creature in water with a speed of 110 kilometers per hour. This fish, which has a total weight of 100 kilos and a height of 3.4 meters, feeds on smaller fish and cuttlefish, thanks to its strong fins and aerodynamic qualities and can also escape from sharks easily.
The Atlantic swordfish is among the fastest swimming fish with a speed of 80 kilometers per hour.
Dolphins and whales are the fastest of sea mammals with speeds of up to 66 kilometers per hour and 48 kilometers per hour respectively.
The flying fish, gray mullet and octopus all reach very high speeds by swimming with speeds of up to 56 kph, 12 kph 6 kph respectively.
Fastest Beings on Land
All land beings, except for those who move by bouncing, generally walk by throwing their feet crosswise. The right front and left back feet move to the front together and they are followed by the right back and left front feet. The body twists with this crosswise movement of the feet and proceeds with continuous movement. This crosswise running system Allah created in living beings helps land beings move in the fastest way. Cheetahs, which are the fastest of land-dwelling creatures, move in this way.
Cheetahs watch around with their sharp eyes, bend over when they spot an impala or antelope astray from the herd; hunch their backs, lay their ears back and begin to run by bracing up from their first steps. In a couple of seconds, they can increase their speed up to 72 kmkph They can run a distance greater than 600 meters with a super speed up to 113 kilometers per hour within seconds. Cheetahs have to catch their prey in a very short time, so they increase their speed to a maximum level as rapidly as possible. This is because in case of maintaining their super speed for more than 30-45 seconds, their body temperature increases up to 46 degrees, which can harm their brains. Therefore, they lock on the prey and try to capture it immediately. Cheetahs, different from other big cats, generally hunt their prey alone, thanks to these qualities.
Not all of the living beings that dwell on land move in the same way. Some of them throw their front and back feet at one side simultaneously, then move to the feet at the other side. Camels, lamas that live in the South America Andean Mountains, alpaca, giraffes on the African plains, okapi living in the forests of the Congo and hyenas can be counted among beings that walk like this.
Allah is the Creator of All Beings
When our body is resting, our circulatory system distributes blood to our internal organs and body parts almost equally. If we begin to do sports or run without doing warm-up exercises, meaning if we do rapid and sudden movements, our blood floods to our organs in a very fast and unbalanced way, and there would not be enough blood left to feed the muscles in our body. Less oxygen goes to the area with low blood levels, and this causes aches or cramps. In order to avoid these aches and cramps, we need to warm up before running or beginning to do sports. However, animals do not need to warm themselves up or make preparations to do sudden movements or run. They can begin moving suddenly and run very long distances with speeds so high that could compete with high technology vehicles. These are some of the amazing qualities our Lord bestowed on these beings to hunt, feed and avoid being hunted.
Our Lord created all of these beings with superior qualities as a must for their lives. All of these qualities, which amaze people and cannot be acquired other than by Allah’s creation, are only an example of Allah’s unique creation, His infinite power and demonstrate that He can do anything. Man is only responsible to see the amazing evidences of creation in animals, and praise Allah’s mightiness as one should and shower Him with praise. In one verse, our Lord’s knowledge of creation is revealed as such:
“ Allah created every animal from water. Some of them go on their bellies, some of them on two legs, and some on four. Allah creates whatever He wills. Allah has power over all things. ” (Surat an-Nur, 45)
Almighty Allah has granted various abilities to living beings, in order to survive and maintain their existence as a blessing. Incomparable speed and bouncing abilities of living beings, which are found in nature and we will mention only some in our article, and that they can fight against difficult conditions show our Lord’s art of creation and knowledge. Living beings can hunt, defend themselves by escaping from enemies and protect their offspring thanks to these amazing abilities. Almighty Allah reveals that He created animals with many different features in one verse of the Qur’an as such:
“ Have they not seen how We created for them, by Our own handiwork, livestock which are under their control? ” (Surah Ya Sin Suresi, 71)
There is Goodness in Every Being Allah Creates
What Allah, Who creates all beings wants from us, is to think about His infinite power and art while watching their beauty and superior qualities, that He created all things, to realize that He is the Owner of everything and to take pleasure in everything that He creates. At the same time, it is to thank Him for creating these unique beauties and to love Him very much. There is only one purpose in the creation of the whole universe, all animals, plants, day and night and everything around us. It is to see the superiority of Allah’s mightiness and creation. In one verse, this important truth is revealed as such:
“In the creation of the heavens and earth, and the alternation of the night and day, and the ships which sail the seas to people’s benefit, and the water which Allah sends down from the sky – by which He brings the earth to life when it was dead and scatters about in it creatures of every kind – and the varying direction of the winds, and the clouds subservient between heaven and earth, there are Signs for people who use their intellect.” (Surat al-Baqara, 164)
Bird
max. recorded speed (km)
max. recorded speed (miles)
1.
Spine-tailed swallow (Hirundapus caudacutus)
171
106
2.
Frigate bird
153
95
3.
Spur-winged goose
142
88
4.
Mergus serrator
129
80
5.
White-rumped swift
124
77
6.
Canvasback duck
116
72
7.
Pufla duck
113
70
8.
Anas crecca
109
68
9.
Mallard
105
65
9.
Bristletail
105
65
max. recorded speed
FISH
(Km)
(Miles)
1.
Mediterranean spearfish
110
68
2.
Atlantic swordfish
80
50
3.
Wahoo ( Acanthocybium solandri)
78
48
4.
Thon
74
46
5.
Bluefish
70
44
6.
Big blue shark
69
43
7.
Bonefish (Albula vulpes)
64
40
8.
Swordfish
64
40
9.
Four wing flying fish
56
35
10.
Tarpon Megalops
56
35
Animal
speed
(miles)
speed
(km / hour)
1.
Cheeta
70
113
2.
Pronghorn antelope
61
98
3.
Lion
50
80
4.
Thomson gazelle
50
80
5.
Blue aurochs
50
80
6.
Pouched antelope
50
80
7.
Horse
47,5
76
8.
Cape hunting dog
45
72
9
Canadian deer
45
72
10
Jackal
43
69

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