There is a river known as "Rayyan" in the Garden. A city of coral has
been built upon it. It has seventy thousand gates of gold and silver.
(Ahmad Diya ad-Din al-Kamushkhanawi, Ramuz al-Ahadith, vol. 2, p.
326/4)
In the above hadith, our Prophet tells of gold andsilver, the symbols
of splendid wealth and art. Because both these metals are brilliant,
resilient, easy to shape and difficult to find they have held an
important place throughout history. There is only as much as 0.004
grams of gold in a ton of earth; the amount per ton obtained in gold
mines, however, varies between 6 and 12 grams. Therefore, to obtain a
gold plate, tons of rocks must be refined.The fact that gold is hardto
obtain and is rarer than other metals in the world increases its value
greatly. And this shiny, resilient and easy to shape metal has also a
strong aesthetic appeal to people.
There is solace and sweetness and a Garden of Delight. (Surat al-Waqi'a: 89)
The aesthetic and artisticvalue of gold makes it the metal of choice
in the production of fine works of art. Many of thethings we find rich
and extravagant are either made of gold or decorated with it. In the
adornment of objects, inbookbinding, calligraphy, miniatures and
illumination, gold is indispensable. The lavishuse of gold in the
dwellings described in the hadith is a blessing that people find
pleasing. In this world, people see gold often in the form of ingots;
once in a while they come across a few gold-plated objects and
accessories and perhaps even palaces with excessive use of gold such
as in gilt columns. All these things are amazing to those of us who
are accustomed to seeing only a few pieces of jewellery made of gold.
This being the case, we cannot easily imagine a skyscraper or a
mansion,a villa or a summer house made purely of gold. Just the idea
that there may be such thingsgives pleasure and excitement to the
human spirit. The hadithwe have quoted previously tells us that the
buildings in the Garden are made of goldand silver bricks. This
increases the beauty of the already splendid houses in the Garden and
makes them even more magnificent.
[It is built of] one brick of gold and one brick of silver, its
mortaris of strongly scented musk, its stones are pearls and emeralds,
and its soil is of saffron… (Narrated by Abu Hurayra, at-Tirmidhi)
In the hadith below, another aspect of the splendour of the Garden is
emphasised by reference to a gold pillar:
In the Garden there isa gold pillar with cities of beryl [a bright,
green precious stone resembling emerald] on it, and these shine like
stars in the Garden… (Ahmad Diya ad-Din al-Kamushkhanawi, Ramuz
al-Ahadith, vol. 1, p. 125/6)
Another interesting aspect of the above hadith is the high elevation
of the cities. Certainly in this world a highly elevated city is to be
preferred because of the view and refreshing climate. When we consider
that these citiesare in the splendid setting of the Garden, we can
better understand to what extent these dwellings will be pleasing to
the human spirit. These dwellings spoken of in the hadith – cities on
pillars – have a parallel in the verses of the Qur'an that tell us
about high-ceilinged halls builtone above the other:
But those who have taqwa of their Lord will have high-ceilinged Halls,
and more such Halls built one above theother, and rivers flowingunder
them. That is Allah's promise. Allah does not break His promise.
(Surat az-Zumar: 20)
When we think of life in a city, first of all, many problems come to
mind. Traffic, health, communication, air pollution,
infrastructure,water, electricity, telephones and security have become
matters that people have to struggle with. Many professions have even
come into existence to mitigate these problems and help people lead
more untroubled and ordered lives. The reasons for such problems will
be eradicated in the Gardenand there is no possibility that such
conditions could ever exist in the cities there.
He will forgive you your wrong actions and admit you into Gardens with
rivers flowing under them, and gine dwellings in the Garden of Eden.
That is the Great Victory. (Surat as-Saff: 12)
The Qur'an tells us that the climate of the Garden will be the most
pleasant and comfortable for the human spirit: "…they will experience
there neither burning sun nor bitter cold." (Surat al-Insan: 13)For
this reason, there will be no need for heating systems or air
conditioning. As we will see in the following chapters, communication
will be no problem in the Garden. Allah knows the truth.
When the buildings of the Garden are mentioned in the hadith,the
Prophet says that their mortar will be a sweet-smelling material
called musk. We can see that all the blessings thatAllah has created
in the Garden appeal to all our senses. A sweet aroma is a wonderful
blessing for human beings. The scentof roses, carnations, lilies,
hyacinths, lilacs, acacia and pine trees areall gifts of Allah to
human beings. In addition, these wonderful smells have a pleasing
effect on the human spirit. Nothing in this world will be able
tocompare with the aromas of the Garden and people will enjoy all
their unexpected subtleties. The fact that the mortar of the buildings
is composed ofmusk is one of the best examples of this. This is only
one of the wonderful things that Allah has created for believers in
the Garden.
... and make me one ofthe inheritors of the Garden of Delight; (Surat
Ash-Shu'ara': 85)
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Saturday, August 31, 2013
14 Cities in the Garden: [Jannah: The Garden from the Qur'an and Hadith ]
13 But Allah will admit those who have iman and do right actions into Gardens with rivers flowing under them where they will be adorned with gold bracelets and pearls, and where their clothing will be of silk. (Surat al-Hajj: 23) [Jannah: The Garden from the Qur'an and Hadith ]
Every detail in the description of the Garden speaks to every period
of time and appeals to everyone. Rubies, emeralds, pearls and other
precious stones are rare and valuable and everyone appreciates them.
For this reason, that the mansions are made of these stones is an
important indication of their priceless value.
Among these stones, the reddish transparent rubyis the rarest precious
stone in the world. The shiny, smooth, round pearl has an
extraordinary aesthetic beauty. Its formation is very special. Over
time, alittle grain of sand insidean oyster irritates the soft inward
of the oysterwhich covers it with calcium carbonate until it
eventually becomes a thing of striking beauty. Of course, these
descriptions and comparisons with regard to the Garden areexamples
taken from theconditions pertaining in this world. These comparisons
are necessary as a means to broaden our horizons and for us to think
aboutthe Garden. But the beautiful things of the Garden will be much
more magnificent than the jewels of this world.
... who will inherit Firdaws, remaining in it timelessly, for ever.
(Surat al-Muminun: 11)
Everything in the Gardenhas been created to be as pleasant as
possible. The Prophet says the following about the mansions in the
Garden:
In the garden there isa tent of pearls, whose width is sixty miles, in
each corner of which the believer will have a wife whom the others
will not see. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
Another thing that adds to the beauty of these mansions is the
splendid setting in which they arelocated. For example, as we see in
many descriptions, some mansions are surrounded by greenery and stand
over or near water.
He will have a very pleasant life in an elevated Garden. (Surat al-Haqqa: 21-22)
In addition, there is another characteristic ofthese mansions in the Garden:
There are mansions made of emeralds and jewels. (Imam Ghazzali, Ihya
Ulum ad-Din [The Revival of the Sciences of the Deen]
Everything has been created in the Garden according to what people
desire and nothing they wish to seeis withheld from their eyes. Allah
reveals this inthe Qur'an:
… They will have there all that their hearts desire and their eyes
find delight in… (Surat az-Zukhruf: 71)
On the Day you see themen and women of the believers, with their light
streaming out in front of them, and to their right:"Good news for you
today of Gardens with rivers flowing under them, remaining in them
timelessly, for ever. That is the Great Victory." (Surat al-Hadid: 12)
of time and appeals to everyone. Rubies, emeralds, pearls and other
precious stones are rare and valuable and everyone appreciates them.
For this reason, that the mansions are made of these stones is an
important indication of their priceless value.
Among these stones, the reddish transparent rubyis the rarest precious
stone in the world. The shiny, smooth, round pearl has an
extraordinary aesthetic beauty. Its formation is very special. Over
time, alittle grain of sand insidean oyster irritates the soft inward
of the oysterwhich covers it with calcium carbonate until it
eventually becomes a thing of striking beauty. Of course, these
descriptions and comparisons with regard to the Garden areexamples
taken from theconditions pertaining in this world. These comparisons
are necessary as a means to broaden our horizons and for us to think
aboutthe Garden. But the beautiful things of the Garden will be much
more magnificent than the jewels of this world.
... who will inherit Firdaws, remaining in it timelessly, for ever.
(Surat al-Muminun: 11)
Everything in the Gardenhas been created to be as pleasant as
possible. The Prophet says the following about the mansions in the
Garden:
In the garden there isa tent of pearls, whose width is sixty miles, in
each corner of which the believer will have a wife whom the others
will not see. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
Another thing that adds to the beauty of these mansions is the
splendid setting in which they arelocated. For example, as we see in
many descriptions, some mansions are surrounded by greenery and stand
over or near water.
He will have a very pleasant life in an elevated Garden. (Surat al-Haqqa: 21-22)
In addition, there is another characteristic ofthese mansions in the Garden:
There are mansions made of emeralds and jewels. (Imam Ghazzali, Ihya
Ulum ad-Din [The Revival of the Sciences of the Deen]
Everything has been created in the Garden according to what people
desire and nothing they wish to seeis withheld from their eyes. Allah
reveals this inthe Qur'an:
… They will have there all that their hearts desire and their eyes
find delight in… (Surat az-Zukhruf: 71)
On the Day you see themen and women of the believers, with their light
streaming out in front of them, and to their right:"Good news for you
today of Gardens with rivers flowing under them, remaining in them
timelessly, for ever. That is the Great Victory." (Surat al-Hadid: 12)
Friday, August 30, 2013
Fiqh of Inheritance, - Conditions of Inheritance
Just as inheritance has causes and impediments, it also has conditions
that should be fulfilled. They might be summed up in the following
three:
First condition: The death of the person inherited
This means that the owner of theinheritance should have died, since
his property cannot be inherited while he is still living. The death
of the owner of property might be:
In reality, i.e., he really dies and this is confirmed by observation
or the testimony of just witnesses;
In judgment, i.e., a judge passes a judgment of his death, like in the
case of a missing person when there is no hope of finding him.
Second condition:To learn that the heir is living after the inherited
person's death
It means that the heir of the deceased person should be alive at the
death of the owner of the inheritance. This might be:
Actually, in the sense that his being alive is proven by sight or the
testimony of just witnesses.
Potentially, i.e., to regard that he is probably living at the time of
the death of the owner of the inheritance; like in the case of
pregnancy, where the fetus is probably living in the sense that if it
is separated )from the mother's womb( and stays alive, then, the right
of inheritance would be affirmed to it.
However, if it is not known that the heir is living after the death of
the inherited person, like the case in which all members of a family
die in an accident, then, naturally, there would be no question of
inheritance among them.
Third condition: The absence of all the impediments of
inheritance)previously mentioned in the topic(.
If these three conditions are fulfilled, along with its causes, the
inheritance will be established, and the heir will have a share in the
inheritance of the deceased owner.
that should be fulfilled. They might be summed up in the following
three:
First condition: The death of the person inherited
This means that the owner of theinheritance should have died, since
his property cannot be inherited while he is still living. The death
of the owner of property might be:
In reality, i.e., he really dies and this is confirmed by observation
or the testimony of just witnesses;
In judgment, i.e., a judge passes a judgment of his death, like in the
case of a missing person when there is no hope of finding him.
Second condition:To learn that the heir is living after the inherited
person's death
It means that the heir of the deceased person should be alive at the
death of the owner of the inheritance. This might be:
Actually, in the sense that his being alive is proven by sight or the
testimony of just witnesses.
Potentially, i.e., to regard that he is probably living at the time of
the death of the owner of the inheritance; like in the case of
pregnancy, where the fetus is probably living in the sense that if it
is separated )from the mother's womb( and stays alive, then, the right
of inheritance would be affirmed to it.
However, if it is not known that the heir is living after the death of
the inherited person, like the case in which all members of a family
die in an accident, then, naturally, there would be no question of
inheritance among them.
Third condition: The absence of all the impediments of
inheritance)previously mentioned in the topic(.
If these three conditions are fulfilled, along with its causes, the
inheritance will be established, and the heir will have a share in the
inheritance of the deceased owner.
Fiqh of Inheritance, - Causes of Inheritance in Islamic Sharee‘ah
Inheritance in the IslamicSharee'ah)legislation( has three causes:
First cause: Marriage
UnderSharee'ah, marriage refersto the valid marital contract -- even
in the absence of meeting inseclusion between the spouses or sexual
intercourse between them. Both spouses inherit from each other, so
long as the maritalcontract is in effect between them. For example, if
a man divorces his wife and her'Iddah)post-marriage waiting period(
elapses, then there would be no mutual inheritance between them, due
to the termination of the marriage, which is the cause of inheritance.
However, if he divorces her during his fatal sickness and is accused
of having done so with the intention of preventing her from
inheritance, in this case, sheinherits )her share of( his property
even )if he dies( after the conclusion of her'Iddah, and even if she
gets married to another person according to the opinion of some
scholars ofFiqh)Islamic jurisprudence(, by way ofopposing the wrongful
husband and nullifying his purpose.
Second cause:Walaa')allegiance of an ex-slave to his ex-master(
This is a kind of kinship. If a master frees his slave, a kind of
relation calledWalaa')allegiance( starts to exist between them. It is
a favor done by the master to his slave out of his bounty, whereby he
brings him out of slavery to freedom.
Third cause: Real Kinship
Kinship is a connection between two persons by virtue of birth, beit a
close or far connection. Every man or woman with whom one has a
connection by birth, no matter how close or far, whetherfrom the side
of the father or from the side of the mother, or from the side of both
together, isone's kin. This is the strongest cause of inheritance.
The heirs from among the kith and kin are divided into three divisions:
1-The ascendants: The deceased's father, grandfather)the father's
father(, up to all levels of similar relationships from the side of
the father; and the deceased's mother, and grandmother being related
to him/her through a male or a female heir.
2-The descendants: The deceased's sons and sons of his son down to all
levels, and his son's daughter down to all levels of her father.
3-Non-ascendant /descendant relations: They are the
deceased'ssiblings;whether they are full or half-brothers or sisters,
the male children of his/her full brothers and half-brothers from the
side of the father, his paternal uncles who are his father's full
brothers,or half-brothers from the side of the father up to all
levels, the paternal cousins down to all levels.
These are the three causes of inheritance agreed upon among scholars.
They deserve, in the presence of a sound mind and disposition, to be
causes of inheritance. There are other causes which are subject to
dispute, as to whether or not they are regarded as causes of
inheritance, likeBayt Al-Maalof the Muslims )Muslim treasury(, the
kith and kin who are not heirs, etc.
First cause: Marriage
UnderSharee'ah, marriage refersto the valid marital contract -- even
in the absence of meeting inseclusion between the spouses or sexual
intercourse between them. Both spouses inherit from each other, so
long as the maritalcontract is in effect between them. For example, if
a man divorces his wife and her'Iddah)post-marriage waiting period(
elapses, then there would be no mutual inheritance between them, due
to the termination of the marriage, which is the cause of inheritance.
However, if he divorces her during his fatal sickness and is accused
of having done so with the intention of preventing her from
inheritance, in this case, sheinherits )her share of( his property
even )if he dies( after the conclusion of her'Iddah, and even if she
gets married to another person according to the opinion of some
scholars ofFiqh)Islamic jurisprudence(, by way ofopposing the wrongful
husband and nullifying his purpose.
Second cause:Walaa')allegiance of an ex-slave to his ex-master(
This is a kind of kinship. If a master frees his slave, a kind of
relation calledWalaa')allegiance( starts to exist between them. It is
a favor done by the master to his slave out of his bounty, whereby he
brings him out of slavery to freedom.
Third cause: Real Kinship
Kinship is a connection between two persons by virtue of birth, beit a
close or far connection. Every man or woman with whom one has a
connection by birth, no matter how close or far, whetherfrom the side
of the father or from the side of the mother, or from the side of both
together, isone's kin. This is the strongest cause of inheritance.
The heirs from among the kith and kin are divided into three divisions:
1-The ascendants: The deceased's father, grandfather)the father's
father(, up to all levels of similar relationships from the side of
the father; and the deceased's mother, and grandmother being related
to him/her through a male or a female heir.
2-The descendants: The deceased's sons and sons of his son down to all
levels, and his son's daughter down to all levels of her father.
3-Non-ascendant /descendant relations: They are the
deceased'ssiblings;whether they are full or half-brothers or sisters,
the male children of his/her full brothers and half-brothers from the
side of the father, his paternal uncles who are his father's full
brothers,or half-brothers from the side of the father up to all
levels, the paternal cousins down to all levels.
These are the three causes of inheritance agreed upon among scholars.
They deserve, in the presence of a sound mind and disposition, to be
causes of inheritance. There are other causes which are subject to
dispute, as to whether or not they are regarded as causes of
inheritance, likeBayt Al-Maalof the Muslims )Muslim treasury(, the
kith and kin who are not heirs, etc.
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