The four aspects of belief in Al-Qadr (Divine Decree)

meaning Allaah's predestination of measurements and sustenance of
everything and everyone, according to His Knowledge and Wisdom. It
comprises the following four aspects:
1. Knowledge - The belief that Allaah's knowledge encompasses
everything, every matter, major or minor, and the time frame of
everything that happens in this universe. Allaah's Knowledge
encompasses all of His actions and actions takenby His slaves.
2. Pre - Recording - The belief that Allaah recorded everything in a
Tablet that He kept with Himself, called 'Al-Lawh Al-Mahfooth' (The
Preserved Tablet). Allaah Says ((what means)): " Do you not know that
Allaah knows what is in the heaven and earth? Indeed that is in a
Record[i.e., Al-Lawh Al-Mahfooth]. Indeed that, for Allaah, is easy."
[Quran 22:70] Abdullaah bin 'Amr bin Al-'Aas said that he heard the
Messenger of Allaah say: "Allaah recorded the measurement of all
matters pertaining to creation fifty thousand years before He created
the heavens and earth." [Muslim]
3. The Will of Allaah - The belief that nothing, whether related to
Allaah's actions or actionstaken by His slaves, can occur without His
permission. Allaah Says (what means): "And your Lord creates what He
wills and chooses..." [Quran 28:68] And (what means): "…And Allaah
does what He wills." [Quran 14:27] And (what means) "It is He who
forms you in the wombs however He wills…" [Quran 3:6] As for actions
taken by His creation, Allaah Says (what means): "…And if Allaah had
willed, He could have given them power over you, and they would have
fought you." [Quran 4:90] And (what means): "…And if Allaah had
willed, they would not have done so. So leave them and that which they
invent." [Quran 6:137]
4. Creation - The belief that Allaah created all creation, all what
they possess of attributes, andall their actions. Allaah Says (what
means): " Allaah is the Creator of allthings, and He is, over all
things, Disposer of affairs." [Quran 39:62] And (what means): "…He has
created each thing and determined it with [precise] determination."
[Quran: 25:2]Also, Ibraaheem said to his people (what means): "While
Allaah created you and that which you do?" [Quran 37:96]
Believing in Al-Qadr, as described above, does not mean that people
have no power over the actions they choose to take. The Sharee'ah
(Islamic Law) as well as reality, confirm man has a will of his own:
As for the Sharee'ah, Allaah Says about one's own will (what means):
"…So he who wills may take to his Lord a [way of] return [by obeying
hiscommandments]." [Quran78:39] And (what means): "So come to your
place of cultivation however you wish …" [Quran 2:223] As for one's
own power over his actions, Allaah Says (what means):" So fear Allaah
as much as you are able and listenand obey…" [Quran 64:16] And (what
means): "Allaah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its
capacity. It willhave [the consequence of] what [good] it has gained,
and it will bear [the consequence of] what [evil] it has earned…"
[Quran 2:286]
As for reality, every human knows that he has a power and a will ofhis
own. He uses his power and will to indulge in or avoid actions of his
choice. People distinguish between what they do bytheir own power and
between what they have no power over, like shivering due to illness
orthe extreme cold. However, the power and will of mankind is under
the control of Allaah's Will and Power; Allaah Says (what means): "
For whoever wills among you to take a right course. And you do not
will except that Allaah wills – Lord of the worlds." [Quran 81:28-29].
The universe isAllaah's property and nothing happens in His Kingdom
without His Knowledge and Permission.
Belief in Al-Qadr, as explained above, does not provide an excuse
formankind to sin or abandon what they are obligated to do. This
excuse can be refuted by the following seven arguments:
1. Allaah Says (what means): " Those who associated with Allaah will
say: 'If Allaah had willed, we would not have associated [anything]
and neither would our fathers, nor would we have prohibited anything.'
Likewise did those before deny until they tasted Our punishment. Say:
'Do you have any knowledge that you can produce for us?' You follow
not except assumption, and you are not but falsifying." [Quran 6:148]
The disbelievers did not have a valid excuse when they said that what
they did was according to Al-Qadr.If this excuse was valid, then why
will Allaah punish them for their sins?
2. Allaah Says (what means): "[We sent] messengers as bringers of good
tidings and warners so that mankind will have no argument against
Allaah after the messengers. And ever is Allaah Exalted in Might and
Wise." [Quran 4:165] Sending the Messengers also took place
accordingto Al-Qadr. This is why thedisbelievers cannot use Al-­Qadr
as an excuse for not believing, because Al-Qadr provided them with the
means to escapeAllaah's punishment by following His Messengers,may
Allaah exalt their mention.
3. Ali Ibn Abu Taalib narrated that the Prophet said: "The final
destination, in Hell or Paradise , is already determined for each one
of you." A man said: "Should we depend on this fact, O Messenger of
Allaah?" (Meaning, to abandon doing good deeds) He said: "No! Perform
(good) deeds, because everyone will behelped (to go on the paththat he
chooses and reach his destiny)." Then he read the verse (which means):
"As for he who gives [in charity] and fears Allaah." [Quran 92:5]"
4. Allaah conveyed His commandments to His slaves and did not require
them to do what is beyond their capacity; He says: "So fear Allaah
asmuch as you are able…" [Quran 64:16] And: "Allaah does not charge
asoul except [with that within] its capacity…" [Quran: 2:286] If the
slaveis forced to do whatever deeds he performs, then Allaah would
have required from him what is beyond his capacity, and this is a
false belief. For this reason, Allaah forgives sins that take place
because of ignorance or forgetfulness.
5. Al-Qadr is a matter of Allaah's Knowledge. No one can uncover his
own Qadr except after it occurs. One's intention toperform a deed
precedes the action itself. He does not know what Al-Qadr holds for
him. Therefore, Al-Qadr is not a valid excuse for sinning and
abandoning the commandments of Allaah.
6. One always seeks what is convenient for him. No one of sane mind
would abandon what brings material benefit to him, saying that Al-Qadr
forced him to take this course of action. Therefore, why would one use
Al-Qadr as an excuse for abandoning what brings benefit to him in
matters of religionand not do the same for matters of life?
7. If one of those who abandon the commandments of Allaah and indulge
in sinning comes under attack of hishonour or possessions, would he
accept the excuse of the attacker, if he says that he attacked him
because it was his Qadr to attack him, and therefore he is not to be
blamed? Indeed no!
Therefore, why does this person refuse Al-Qadr as an excuse for
whoever attacked him, and at the same time use Al-Qadr as his excuse
for abandoning Allaah's rights on him?
It was reported that a man who was caught stealing was brought to
'Umar Ibn Al-Khattaab who ordered that this man's hand be cut off. The
man said: "Wait, O leader of the believers! I only stole because this
was in the Qadr of Allaah." 'Umar replied "And we are amputating your
hand because it is in

The story of Prophet Ayyoob -II

Ayyoob is tested through his health
After failing to make Ayyoob give up his worship of Allaah after
destroying his wealth and children, Iblees (Satan), may Allaah curse
him, called on Allaah: "O my Lord! Ayyoob's wealthis gone, his
children are dead, but he is still healthy in body, and as long as he
enjoys good health he will continue toworship You in the hope of
regaining his wealth and producing more children. Grant me authority
over his body so that I may weaken it. He will surely neglect
worshipping You and willthus become disobedient."
Allaah wanted to teach Iblees a lesson that Ayyoob was a devoted
servant of his Lord, so He granted Iblees his third request but placed
a condition: "Igive you authority over his body but not over his soul,
intellect or heart, for in these places residesthe knowledge of Me
andMy religion."
Armed with this new authority, Iblees began to take revenge on
Ayyoob's body, and filled it with disease until it was reduced to mere
skinand bone and he suffered severe pain. But through all the
suffering, Ayyoob remained strong in his faith, patiently bearing all
the hardships without complaining.
Allaah's righteous servantdid not despair or turn toothers for help
but remained hopeful of Allaah's mercy. Even closerelatives and
friends deserted him. Only his kind, loving wife stayed with him. In
his hour of need, she showered her kindness on him and cared for him.
She remained his sole companion and comforter through the many years
of suffering.
The life-summary of Ayyoob
Imaam Ibn 'Asaakir narrated: "Ayyoob was a man having much wealth of
all kinds; beasts, slaves, sheep, vastlands, and many children.All
those favours were withdrawn from him andhe was physically afflicted
as well. Never a single organ of his was sound, except his heart and
tongue, with both ofwhich he glorified Allaah,the Almighty,
constantly, day and night. His disease lasted for a long time until
his visitors felt disgusted with him. His friends kept away from him
and people abstained from visiting him. No one felt sympathy for him
except his wife. She took good care of him, knowing his former charity
and pity for her."
Therefore, Iblees became desperate. He consulted his helpers, but they
could not advise him. They asked: "How is it that your cleverness
cannot work against Ayyoob, yet you succeeded in misleading Aadam, the
father of man, out of Paradise ?"
Iblees went to Ayyoob's wife in the form of a man. "Where is your
husband?" he asked her. She pointed to an almost lifeless form
crumbled onthe bed and said: "There he is, suspended between life and
death." Iblees reminded her of the days when Ayyoob had good health,
wealth and children. Suddenly, the painful memories of years of
hardship overcame her, and she burst into tears. She said to Ayyoob
:"How long are you going to bear this torture from our Lord? Are we to
remain without wealth, children or friends forever? Why don't you call
upon Allaah to remove this suffering?"
Ayyoob sighed, and ina soft voice replied:"Iblees must have whispered
to you and made you dissatisfied. Tell me, how long did I enjoy good
health and riches?" She replied:"Eighty years." Then Ayyoob asked:
"How long have I been suffering like this?" She replied: "Seven
years." Ayyoob then told her:"In that case I am ashamed to call on my
Lord to remove the hardship, for I have not suffered longer than the
years of my good health and plenty. It seems your faith has weakened
and you are dissatisfied with the fate of Allaah. If I everregain
health, I swear I will punish you with a hundred strokes! From this
day onward, I forbid myself to eat or drink anything by your hand.
Leave me alone and let my Lord do with me as Hepleases."
Crying bitterly and with aheavy heart, she had no choice but to leave
him and seek shelter elsewhere. In this helpless state, Ayyoob turned
to Allaah, not to complain, but to seek His mercy, saying (what
means): "…'Indeed, adversity has touched me, and You are the most
merciful of the merciful.' SoWe responded to him and removed what
afflicted him of adversity. And We gave him [back] his family and the
like thereof with them as a mercy from Us and a reminder for the
worshippers [of Allaah]." [Quran 21:83-84]
Almighty Allaah records Prophet Ayyoob's invocation in the verses
(which mean): "And remember Our servant Ayyoob, when he called to his
Lord: 'Indeed, Satan has touched me with hardship and torment.' [So he
was told]: 'Strike [the ground] with your foot; this is a [spring for]
a cool bath and drink.' And We granted him his family and a like
[number] with them as mercy from Us and a reminder forthose of
understanding." [Quran 38:41-43]
Ayyoob obeyed this instruction, and almost immediately his good health
was restored. Meanwhile, his faithful wife could no longer bear to be
parted from her husband and returned to him to beg his forgiveness,
desiring to serve him. On enteringher house, she was amazed at the
sudden change: Ayyoob was again healthy! She embraced him and thanked
Allaah for His mercy.
Ayyoob was worried, for he had taken an oath to punish her with a
hundred strokes if he had regained health but he had no desire to hurt
her. He knew if he did not fulfil the oath, he would be guilty of
breaking a promise to Allaah. Therefore, out of His wisdom and mercy,
Allaah came to the assistance of His faithful servant and advised him
with (what means): "…'Takein your hand a bunch [of grass] and strike
with it and do not break your oath.' Indeed, We found him patient, an
excellent servant. Indeed, he was one who repeatedly turned back [to
Allaah]." [Quran 38:44]
Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: " While Ayyoob was naked,
taking a bath,a swarm of gold locusts fell on him, and so he started
collecting them in his garment. His Lord called him: "O Ayyoob! Have I
not made you too rich to need what you see?" He said: "Yes, My Lord!
But I cannot shun Your [Al-Bukhaari]

Proofs of the existence ofAllaah

Mankind, in general, has maintained a belief in the existence of the
Creator of the Universe since time immemorial. The duty of the
prophets of Allaah was not so much to inform their people of Allaah's
existence as to warn them against associating others with Him, and to
teach them how to serve Him. Allaah Says (what means): "Their
messengers said, 'Is there any doubt concerning Allaah, the originator
of the Heavens and the Earth?'" [Quran 14:10]
The early Muslim scholars did not even have to address the issue of
the Existence of Allaah, for it was a blatantly obvious fact, which
nobody questioned. It was only around the fourth century after the
Prophet's migration to Madeenah, when people's doctrine started being
infiltrated with atheism and permeated by unbelief, that the scholars
had to address the issue.
The existence of Allaah is established by various categories of
proofs, which may be conveniently classified under four categories.
Scriptural evidence
The major religions of the world have scriptures, which teach the
existence of the Creator. In particular, the Quran, the only revealed
book which has remained totally intact and preserved, establishes the
existence of Allaah by compelling rational arguments, while at the
same time serving as an enduring miracle testifying to His reality. It
decisively establishes His uniqueness and non-resemblance to creation,
and emphasizesthat worship is only for Him.
The proof of "Fitrah" (natural inborn belief in Allaah)
As already mentioned, the human being has an inherent and inborn
recognition of his Creator. This is a consequence of a pledge which
Allaah took from the soul of every one of us before we came into this
world, Allaah Says (what means): "And [remember], when your Lord took
from the children of Aadam,their children behind them, and made them
testify over their ownselves, [saying to them], 'Am I not your Lord?'
They said, 'Yea.'" [Quran 7:172]
Every human being is born with this natural disposition, which is
called in Arabic " Fitrah ". Abu Hurayrah has reported that the
Messenger of Allaah ( ) said: "Every child is born upon Fitrah, then
it is his parents who make him Jewish, or Christian, or Magian
(Zoroastrian), just as an animal delivers a perfect baby animal; do
you find it mutilated?" [Al-Bukhaari]
But, this "Fitrah" sometimes becomes latent, especially when the human
being is in a corrupt and spiritually degenerate environment,which is
devoid of reminder and exhortation towards the Lord. The " Fitrah "
surfaces, however, in times of calamity and distress. How many avowed
atheists find themselves raising their hands to the skies in
supplication when in affliction! And how do the staunch unbelievers
cry out for deliverance when they are faced withdeath!
Allaah Says (what means): "[Allaah] it is who causes you to travel
over land and sea; until, when you are in the ships, and they sail
with [their passengers] with a fair breeze, and they are glad therein,
a tempestuous wind reaches them, waves are coming at them from
everywhere, and they think that they are overwhelmed therein; [then]
they call to Allaah, making their faith pure for Him [alone], 'IfYou
save us from this, we will surely be among the thankful!'" [Quran
10:22] Yet, this sincerity is often short-lived. Allaah Says (what
means): "Then, when He saves them, behold, they rebel upon the earth
wrongfully." [Quran, 10:23]
Mankind is all too apt, during the course of his daily life of comfort
and enjoyment, to forget his Lord. Allaah Says (what means): "And when
some trauma touches man, he calls to his Lord, turning repentant to
Him. Then, when He grants him a favor from Himself, he forgets that
for which he called to Him before, and sets up partners to Allaah."
[Quran 39:8]
It is to awaken and alert this " Fitrah " that Allaah, in His mercy
and wisdom,sent Messengers to remind people of their true religion,
and to direct them towards fulfilling their commission of serving
their Lord. Allaah has ordered His prophet to proclaim, Allaah Says
(what means): "O mankind! Ifyou are in [any] doubt regarding my
religion, then [know that] I do not worship those whom you worship
besides Allaah, but I worship Allaah Who will take your souls." [Quran
10:104]
The specific mention of death here drives home the stark reality,
which even the pagans must concede to when faced with the glaring,
intuitive evidence, that Allaah alone causes death. The rational
individual, then, should prepare for this inevitability by responding
to his Lord. Islam is merely a hearkening by man to hisnature, an
acceptance of that which is naturally good and intuitively right.
Allaah Says (what means): "So, set your face toward the religion in
uprightness. That is the "Fitrah" of Allaah, upon which He has created
mankind. Let there be no changing of Allaah's creation." [Quran 30:30]
There are others who stubbornly resist this truth and reject Allaah's
message when it is presented before them, although they are well aware
of its veracity. Thiswas the attitude of Pharaoh and his supporters,
and its consequences are severe,in this world and the Hereafter,
Allaah Says (what means): "They rejected[Our signs], although their
own souls were convinced of their truth, [and this they did] out of
iniquity and arrogance. See, then,what was the sequel for those who
cause corruption!" [Quran 27:14]
Yet, even hardened deniers who stand in the way of truth and resist it
may grab hold of it at thelast moment, before it is too late, for on
account of the surfacing of the " Fitrah ", a disbeliever who is faced
with death on the battlefield may suddenly embrace Islam. The Muslim
who fights in Jihaad will similarly be exposed to death frequently,
thus enhancing and sharpening his awareness of Allaah.
Rational proof
It is intuitively obvious, and confirmed by science, that the
universehad a beginning. Every action requires a doer, and thus the
existence of creation necessarily indicates the existence ofthe
Creator. Allaah appeals to the human mind and rationality in the
Quran, saying, (whichmeans): "Were they created from nothing, or are
they [themselves] the creators?" [Quran 52:35]. Quite obviously, we
have been created, and brought into existence after beingnon-existent,
and it is also plain that we do not create ourselves.
A few years ago, the sands in the "Rub' Al-Khaali" desert (the Empty
Quarter ) were blown away by a windstorm to reveal the ruins of a city
that had been covered by the sands. Scientists began toexamine the
contents of the city to try to determine the period in which it had
been built. Nobody among the archaeologists or others even suggested
that this city could have appeared as a result of the natural actions
of the wind, rain, heat and cold, and not bythe actions of man. If
anyone had suggested such a thing, people would have regarded him as
crazy and would have taken pity on him. So how about if someonehad
said that this city was formed by the air from nothing in the far
distant past, then it settled on the earth?
Having recognized the necessity of the existenceof a Creator, one then
realizes that there can only be one Creator. Allaah Says (what means):
"If there were in [the heavens and the earth] gods other than Allaah,
[the heavens and earth] would surely have been disordered." [Quran
21:22] Allaah Says (what means): "Allaah has not taken a son, nor is
there any god with Him, for in that case, each god would assuredly
have championed that which he created, and some of them would surely
have overcome others. Glorified be Allaah above that which they
allege!" [Quran, 23:91] Further, this one and onlyCreator cannot
possibly resemble creation. Allaah Says (what means): "Is, then, He
Who creates, like he who does not create? Do you not reflect?" [Quran
16:17]
Perceptual experience
We witness and experience the answering of prayers, and this in itself
indicatesthe existence of Allaah. Allaah Says (what means): "When you
sought help of your Lord, and He answered you." [Quran 8:9]
Al-Bukhaari and Muslim have both narrated the Prophet's saying in
whicha bedouin asked the Prophet ( ) to pray for rain, since crops
were perishing and people were starving. The prophet prayed to Allaah
for rain, and almost immediately clouds began to gather and it began
raining heavily. Also in this category of evidence are the miracles
which people witness at the hands of their prophets, including the
splitting of the moon by Muhammad ( ), and the enduring miracle of the
Quran.
Finally, we should bear inmind that abundant as the proofs may be,
they are only of avail to those who honestly and sincerely search for
the truth. As for those obdurate ones who simply refuse to believe,
they will not cease their idle disputation. Allaah Says (what means):
"And they say, 'Our hearts are in a covering from that to which you
call us, and in our ears is a deafness, and between us and you is a
veil, so act, we [also] are acting." [Quran 41:5] Allaah Says (what
means): "Those against whom the decree of your Lord has been verified,
will not believe, although every sign should come to them, until they
see the painful punishment."

Fwd: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Google Scholar Alerts <scholaralerts-noreply@google.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Jan 2013 22:43:53 +0000
Subject: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]
To: aydnajimudeen@gmail.com

Scholar Alert: [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

Impact of Critical Limb Ischemia on Long-Term Cardiac Mortality in
Diabetic Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization
F Liistro, P Angioli, S Grotti, R Brandini, I Porto, L Ricci… -
Diabetes Care, 2013
... arterial disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction;
NSTEACS, non-ST elevation acute
coronary syndrome. ... of pa- tients were receiving statins, and all
patients with hypertension were
receiving ... patients with critical limb ischemia followed in a
tertiary referral diabetic foot clinic ...

Hsuan-Li Huang, Hsin-Hua Chou, Tien-Yu Wu, Shang-Hung Chang, Yueh-Ju
Tsai, Shuo-Suei Hung, Chun-Te Lu, Shih-Tsung Cheng, Kuan-Hung Yeh,
Heng-Chia …
HL Huang, HH Chou, TY Wu, SH Chang, YJ Tsai… - Journal of the Formosan …, 2013
... Using PIII CLI risk scoring, 11 69% of the study patients were
medium to high risk for bypass
surgery. The most frequent presentation was a nonhealing ulcer (51%),
followed by resting pain
(25%) and foot gangrene (24%). ... Diabetes mellitus: 222 (82%).
Hypertension: 230 (85%). ...

Physical performance measures as a useful indicator of multiple
geriatric syndromes in women aged 75 years and older
S Seino, N Yabushita, M Kim, M Nemoto, S Jung… - Geriatrics &
Gerontology …, 2013
... because aging and being older is a common risk factor for
geriatric syndrome.[2] The ... We measured
the time it took to place each foot alternately onto a 19-cm ...
potential confounders in our analyses:
age; clinical conditions (history of stroke, hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, heart ...

[PDF] Quality of life & satisfaction of diabetic foot patients:
Comparative study
ES Shahin, SAA Qalawa, MA Mohamed, ABA El-Ata - Journal of American
Science, 2013
... polyneuropathy, is the major etiological factor, and is present in
85% of the patients with a diabetic
foot problem 2. A clinical important manifestation of the diabetic
foot syndrome is the diabetic ...
In the care for patients with a diabetic foot disorder, these aspects
are underexposed. ...

Rituximab therapy in nephrotic syndrome: implications for patients' management
A Sinha, A Bagga - Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2013
... cells was increased during B-cell recovery in mice with autoimmune
diabetes when they ... activates
podocyte uPAR and integrin-linked protein kinase, leading to foot
process effacement ... throat, nasal
congestion, tachycardia, 44, 48 and hypotension 44, 48, 121 or hypertension. ...

Cell–matrix adhesion of podocytes in physiology and disease
N Sachs, A Sonnenberg - Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2013
... a major role for αvβ3 in the pathophysiology of Alport syndrome
(which manifests itself ... 95
Furthermore, activation of αvβ3 by the (soluble) urokinase receptor
causes foot process effacement ...
specific Itgav-knockout mice or Itgb3-knockout mice to glomerular
hypertension to study ...

Indrani Sen, Edwin Stephen, Sunil Agarwal
I Sen, E Stephen, S Agarwal - Journal of Vascular Surgery, 2013
... Minor amputation was defined as loss of a toe or forefoot, and
major amputation, as a
below-knee, above-knee, or hindquarter disarticulation. Reintervention
was any procedure in
the postoperative period to restore graft patency or integrity. ...
Hypertension, 40. Diabetes, 29. ...

The Presence of De Novo Donor Specific Anti-HLA Antibody Is Associated
with Medication Nonadherence and Allograft Loss in Pediatric Renal
Transplant Recipients
J Tzeng - Blood Purif, 2013
... Case: An 82 year-old woman with chronic kidney disease stage 4,
hypertension, and uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus type 2 was admitted to the ... Physical examina-
tion was unremarkable, except
for confusion and a chronic open wound in the medial aspect of her
right foot. ...

[PDF] Renin inhibition in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease
R Komers - Clinical Science, 2013
... albuminuria and renal 3-nitrotyrosine content, as well as
ultrastructural podocyte foot-process
effacement ... with mRen rats have only limited relevance for the
treatment of diabetic nephropathy,
as most of the changes in the kidney are result of severe hypertension
and intrarenal ...

Deepa Rattehalli, Lucy Pickard, Chris Tselepis, Naveen Sharma, Tariq H. Iqbal
D Rattehalli, L Pickard, C Tselepis, N Sharma, TH Iqbal - Health
Policy and …, 2013
... Increases in foetal iron demand or reductions in transplacental
delivery of iron resulting from
maternal gestational conditions such as maternal diabetes,
hypertension or cigarette smoking
can cause a 30–40% reduction in neonatal brain iron, as measured by
atomic absorption ...

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