Imam Ibn Hazm's Golden Words on Knowledge

31. If knowledge had no other merit than to makethe ignorant fear and
respect you, and scholars love and honour you, thiswould be good
enough reason to seek after it. Let alone all its other merits in this
world and the next!
32. If ignorance had no other fault than to make the igno-rant man
jealous of knowledgeable men and jubilant at see-ing more people like
himself, this by itself would be reason enough to oblige us to flee
it. Let alone the other bad results of this evil in this world and the
next!
33. If knowledge and the action of devoting oneself to it had no
purpose except to free the man who seeks it from the exhausting
anxieties and many worries which afflict the mind, that alone would
certainly be enough to drive us to seek knowledge. But what should we
say of the other bene-fits too numerous to list, the leastof which are
the above-mentioned, and all of which accrue to the knowledgeable man.
In search of benefits as small as these the petty kings have worn
themselves out in seeking distraction from their anxieties in games of
chess, dicing, wine, song, hunting expe-ditions and other pastimes
which bring nothing but harm in this world and the next and absolutely
no benefit.

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Shahada - Confession of a Muslim

La ilaha il Allah, Muhammad-ur-Rasool-Allah
(None has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah)
Shahada has three aspects: A , B , and C
To be a muslim is to pledge the above covenant with Allah, the Creator
of the heavens and earth, the Ruler of all that exists, the Lord of
Majestyand Highness, stating La ilaha il Allah, Muhammad
-ur-Rasool-Allah , but first one must understand what this means.
Believing "La ilaha il Allah" (none has the right to be worshippedbut Allah)
Point 1: Tauhid-ar-Rububiyya
*.
A confession with your heart that the Creator (of everything) is
Allah, subhana watala, it is that you have to say: " I testify that
the Creator of all the universe, including the stars, the planets, the
sun, the moon, the heavens, the earth with all its knownand unknown
forms of life, is Allah. He is the Organizer and Planner of all its
affairs. It is He Who gives life and death, and He (i.e. AllahAlone)
is the Sustainer, and the Giver of Security, etc. " And this is called
your confession for the"Oneness of the Lordship of Allah,"
Tauhid-ar-Rububiyya .
Point 2: Tauhid-al-Uluhiyya
*.
A confession with your heart that you have to say: " I testify that
none has the right to be worshipped but Allah Alone. " The
word"Worship" (i.e. Ibadah) carries a great number of meanings in the
Arabic language: It conveys that all kinds ofworship are meant for
Allah (and none else, whether it be an angel, Messenger, Prophet Jesus
- son of Mary, Ezra, Muhammad, saint, idol, the sun, the moon and all
other kinds of false deities). So pray tonone but Allah, invoke none
but Allah, ask for help from none (unseen) but Allah, swear by none
but Allah, offer an animal assacrifice to none but Allah, …etc. and
that means, -- all that Allah and Allah's Messenger, saaws, order you
to do (in Qur'an and in As-Sunna [legal ways ofProphet Muhammad ]) you
must do, and all that Allah, s.w.t, Allah's Messenger forbid you, you
must not do. And this is called (your confession for the)"Oneness of
the worship of Allah", Tauhid-al-Uluhiyya . And that you
(mankind)worship none but Allah,subhana watala.
*.
Those whom they invoke besides Allâh have not created anything, but
are themselves created. [The Noble Qur'an 16:20]
Point 3: Tauhid-al-Asma was-Sifat
*.
A confession with your heart that you have to say: " O Allah! I
testify that all the best of names and the most perfect qualities with
which You have named or qualified Yourself in Your Book (i.e. the
Qur'an) or as Your Prophet Muhammad (saaws) has named or qualified
You, with his statement, I confirm that all those (names and
qualifications) are for You without changing their meanings or
neglectingthem completely or giving resemblance to others. " As Allah,
swt, said:
"There is nothing like unto Him and He is the All-Hearer, the
All-Seer." (v.42:11)
*.
This holy Ayat (verse) confirms the quality of hearing and the
qualityof sight for Allah, subhana watala without resemblance
toothers, and likewise. Allah, subhana watala, also said:
"To one whom I have created with Both My Hands," (v.38:75)
*.
and Allah also said:
"The Hand of Allah is over their hands." (v. 48:10)
*.
This confirms two Hands for Allah, swt, but there is no similarity for
them. Similarly Allah, swt, said:
"The Most Beneficent (Allah) Istawa (rose over) the (Mighty) Throne." (v.20:5)
*.
So Allah rose over the Throne really in a manner that suits His
Majesty. And Allah is over Allah's Throne over the seventh heaven, as
the slave-girl pointed towards the heavens, when Allah's Messenger
(Muhammad, saaws) asked her as to where Allah is? He only comes down
over the first (nearest) heaven to us on the day of 'Arafat (Hajj,
i.e. the 9th of Dhul-Hijja), and also during the last third part of
the night as mentioned by the Prophet saaws, but Allah is with us by
His Knowledge only, not byHis Personal-Self (bi-Dhatihi). It is not
like that, as some people say that Allah is present everywhere here,
there, and even inside the breasts of men. He sees and hears all that
we do or utter, etc. And this is called (your confession for the)
"Oneness of the Names and Qualities of Allah" Tauhid-al-Asma was-Sifat
and this is theright Faith, the Faith which was followed by the
Messengers of Allah (from Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, Jesus
to Muhammad, peace be upon them all,and the companions of Prophet
Muhammad and the righteous followers [i.e.the salaf ] of these
Messengers, saaws.
Believing"Muhammad-ur-Rasool-Allah" (Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah)"
*.
A confession with your heart that you have to say: " O Allah! I
testify that Muhammad is YourMessenger. " That means that none has the
right to be followedafter Allah, but Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon
him, as he is the last of Allah's Messengers. As Allah said:
"Muhammad (saaws) is not the father of any man among you but heis the
Messenger of Allah and the last (end)of the Prophets and Allah is Ever
All-Aware of everything.' (v.33:40).
" And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad, saaws, gives you, take it
and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. " (v. 59:7)
*.
And Allah said:
" Say (O Muhammad to mankind): 'If you (really) love Allah, thenfollow
me.' " (v. 3:31)
As for others than Muhammad , their statements are to be taken or
rejected as towhether these are in accordance with Allah's Book (i.e.
the Qur'an) or with the Sunna (legal ways, orders, acts of worship,
statements, etc.)of the Prophet, saaws, i.e. Sunna or not. As the
Divine Inspiration has stopped after the death of Muhammad , and it
will not resume except at the time of the Descent of Jesus, son of
Mary and he(i.e. Jesus) will rule with justice according to the
Islamic laws, during the last days of the world as it has been
mentioned in the authentic Hadith (i.e. narration) of Prophet Muhammad
in Sahih Al-Bukhari, Vol. 3, Hadith No. 425.
It is essential to utter, La ilaha ill Allah, Muhammad-ur-Rasul Allah
(none has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and Muhammad
s.a.a.w.s.is the Messenger of Allah, s.w.t). As it has come in the
statement of Prophet Muhammad to his uncle Abu Talib at the time of
the latter's death: "O uncle, if you utter it (La ilaha ill Allah,
Muhammad-ur-Rasul Allah), then I shall be ableto argue on your behalf
before Allah, on the Day of Resurrection." Similarly, when Abu Dhar
Al-Ghiffari embraced Islam, he went to Al-Masjid-al-Haram and he
proclaimed it loudly infront of the Quraish infidels until he was
beaten severely.
It is essential that the limbs and all other parts and organs of one's
body testify to it, and this is very important as regards its meaning
(i.e. the meaning of La ilaha ill Allah, Muhammad-ur-Rasul Allah). So
whoever has confessed this (with his or her Lord), he shall not commit
sins like robbing,killing, stealing, illegal sexual intercourse,
eating pig meat, drinking alcoholic beverages, taking undue advantage
of orphan's property, cheating in trade, bribery and earning money
through illegal means, telling lies, back-biting etc., or otherwise
the limbs, all other parts and organs ofhis body will testify against
him that he was a liar in his words which he pledged to Allah, swt. In
case he commits the above sins, he should know that it is a sin that
obliges him to repent to Allah, swt, and ask Allah's Forgiveness, as
(his) bodyparts (i.e. skin, private parts, hands, tongue, ears, etc.)
will testify to the above mentioned crimes (i.e. actions) against his
self on the Day of Resurrection.
And with the confession of this great sentence (i.e. principle) a
person enters in the fold of (i.e. embraces) the Islamic religion
accordingly. It isessential for him to believe in all the Messengers
of Allah (peace be upon them all) and not to differentiate between
them. As it is mentioned in Allah's Book (Qur'an):
" Do then those who disbelieve think that they can take My slaves(i.e.
the angels; Allah's Messengers; Jesus, son of Mary, etc.) as 'Auliya
(lords gods, protectors supporters etc.) besides Me? Verily We have
prepared Hell as an entertainment for the disbelievers (in theOneness
of Allah - Islamic Monotheism). Say (O Muhammad ); 'Shall We tell you
the greatest losers in respect of (their) deeds?' Those whose efforts
have been wasted in this life, while they thought they were acquiring
good by their deeds? "
" They are those who deny the Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses,
lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) of their Lord and the meeting with
Him (in the Hereafter). So theirworks are in vain, and on the Day of
Resurrection, We shall not give them any weight. "
" That shall be their recompense, Hell; because they disbelieved and
took my Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, revelations, etc.)
and My Messengers by way of jest and mockery. "
" Verily! Those who believe (in the Onenessof Allah - Islamic
Monotheism), and do righteous deeds, they shall have the Gardens of
Al-Firdaus (Paradise) for their entertainment. "
" Wherein they shall dwell (forever). No desire will they have to be
removed therefrom. "
" Say (O Muhammad to mankind): If the sea were ink for (writing) the
Words of my Lord, surely the sea would be exhausted, before the Words
of my Lord would be finished even if We brought (another sea) like it
forits said. "
" Say (O Muhammad ): I am only a man like you, it has been inspired to
me that your Ilah (God) is One Ilah (God, --i.e. Allah). So whoever
hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work righteousness and
associate none as a partner in the worship of his Lord. " (v.
18:102-110).
What are some of the other basics of becoming a Muslim?
The acceptance of the righteous deeds (such as your
Shahada/confessionto become a muslim) is stipulated with the following
two basic conditions which must be fulfilled:
1.
The intentions while doing such deeds must be totally for Allah's sake
only without any show off or gaining praise or fame, etc.
2.
Such a deed must be performed in accordance with the As-Sunnah (legal
ways, orders, acts of worship,statements, etc.) of Allah's Messenger
Muhammad bin 'Abdullah, the last (end)of all the Prophets and the
Messengers, saaws.
You are only held accountable for that which you know. And you
are also held accountable to make the time to learn that which you
don't know, in areas you know you need to learn about.
So, if you are not a muslim, it is your responsibility to seek
the knowledge of Al-Islam, toask questions about things you do not
understand or agree with regarding the basic fundamental beliefs of
Islam (as explained above).

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Our life and the purpose of our existence

We know that the One God exists and we know that we are a product of
His creation. But we often forget to remember that we were created for
a specific purpose. If ten of us try to find out what our purpose is
on our own, without considering the Revelation, we might find ten
different purposes. However, if welook at the Qur'aan, we will find
out that the purpose of our lives is clearly defined.
Allah The Most High says,"O Mankind! Worship your Lord (Allah), Who
created you and those before you so that you bay become Al-Muttaqoon
(i.e. those who have taqwaa)." Al-Baqarah (2):21
And He said, "And I created not the Jinns andmen except that they may
worship Me (Alone)."Adh-Dhaariyaat (51):56
Allah Ta`aalaa also says inthe Qur'aan: "Blessed be He in Whose Hand
is the dominion, and He is able to do all things. Who has created
death and life, that He may test which ofyou is best in deed. And He
is the All-Mighty, the Oft-Forgiving." Al-Mulk (67):1-2
These verses where revealed to us by Allah in order to inform us of
why we are here on the Earth, what we should bedoing and where we are
heading. Not to benefit Himself, or because He needs our worship.
Rather, because we are in need of Him.
Allah Ta`aalaa says, "O mankind! It is you who stand in need (who are
poor) of Allah, but Allah isRich (Free of all needs), Worthy of all
praise." Faatir (35):15
What is meant by "to test which of you is best in deed"? Al-Fudayl Ibn
`Iyyaad said, "The best deed is that which is most devoted and most
proper." He was asked,"How should it be most devoted and most
proper?", and he responded, "For if the deed was devoted but was not
proper it would not be accepted, and if it was proper but was not
devoted it would not be accepted; the devoted is to be for Allah
alone, and the proper is to be in compliance with As-Sunnah."
We were created for this one reason: to worship Allah and to strive to
be the best in deed. It is not only a matter of how many deeds we do,
it is also a matter of quality. Should we take for granted that our
deeds are accepted or should we strive to perfect them and make them
pure for Allah's sake and in accordance to the Sunnah of the Prophet
(peace be upon him)?
Allah Ta`aalaa says in the Qur'aan: "Say (O Muhammad): "Shall We tell
you the greatest losers in respect of (their)deeds? Those whose
efforts have been wastedin this life while they thought that they were
acquiring good by their deeds?" al-Kahf (18):103-104
And He said, "Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are
al-Muttaqoon (i.e. those who have taqwaa)." Al-Maa'idah (5):27
A scholar said, "there are those who think that this Universe has
founded itself or it came to exist by co-incidence. This necessitates
that man"has no goal to fulfill" because he came into being without a
defined goal! Consequently, a moral or a value system becomes
meaningless. Accordingly, man is just a responding "tool" for"mother
nature" which, according to Darwin himself, "acts haphazardly"! This
way of thinking is aimlessness, and it occurswhen man does not
recognize his relation with the One who had created life and death,
the Universe, and everything around man, all in due proportion."
We have to remember that Allah created death and life so that we may
worship Him (i.e. obey Allah Ta`aalaa in all which He commands through
the tongue of the Messengers, performing all that Allah loves and is
Pleased with from statements and actions - both inner and outer), and
perform that worship in the best manner. That is what our objective
should be. Instead of contradicting the purpose of man's existence and
acting for the sake of perishable worldly interests, we must fulfill
its completion. This worship includes all our acts, our sleep, our
studies, our recreation and specific forms of worship definedby the
Qur'aan and Sunnah. Our period here is short and being slave to
worldly gains results incorruption of our souls, constant difficulty,
worry and poverty.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "Allah says: Son of Adam: fill
your time with My worship and I will fill your heart with richness,
and end off your poverty.But if you do not, I wouldmake your hands
fully busy (i.e. in worldly affairs) and I would not end off your
poverty." (At-Tirmidhee, hasan hadeeth)
Moreover, Allah has givenus choice and has not forced us to do our
acts. He says, "Then whosoever wills let him believe, and whosoever
wills let him disbelieve." al-Kahf (18):29
Clearly, we have been informed of our purpose and were shown the wayto
achieve it. The choice is ours.

What Happens in the Grave? The Hadeeth of al-Baraa bin Aazib

The Messenger of Allah, salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam gives us the answer!
Upon the authority of al-Bara' ibn `Aazib who said: We went out with
the the Prophet (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) to a burial of a man
from the Ansar (original inhabitants of Madina) until we arrived at
the grave, and he still had not been placed in the slot of the grave.
Then the Messenger of Allah (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) sat down
and we sat around him. You would have thought that birds were upon our
heads from our silence, and in the hand of the Messenger of Allah
(salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) was a stick which he was poking the
ground with. [Then he started looking at the sky and looking at the
earth and looking up down three times]. Then he said to us: "Ask Allah
for refuge from the torment of the grave", herepeated this command two
or three times. [Thenhe said O Allah I seek refuge in you from the
torment of the grave] [three times]. Then he said: "Verily, the
believing servant, when leaving this life and journeying to the
hereafter angels will descend upon him, their faces will be white as
if they were suns, they will have with them a shroud (kafan) from the
shroud of Paradise), and an embalmment (HanouT) from the embalmments
of heaven. Then, they willsit within eye-shot of him.
Then the angel of death (peace be upon him) will come and sit at his
head and will say "O you virtuous soul; come out to a forgiveness and
a pleasure from your Lord". So it will come out as a drop comes out of
the mouth of a jug (with ease), then he will take it,not leaving it in
his hand for longer that a blink of an eye until they (he and the
other angels) have placed it in that shroud and that embalmment. And
there will emanate from it a smell like that ofthe most sweet smelling
musk on the face of the earth. Then they shall ascend with it, and
they shall not pass with it by any group of angels but they will say:
What is this good and sweet-smellingsoul?. Then they shall say to them
(he is) "such" theson of "such" choosing the best of the names he used
to be called in this life. Until they reach the lowest sky, then they
shall ask permission to enter, and they shall be granted entry, until
they end at the seventh heaven sky, then Allah, exalted and high,
shall say: "write the book of my servant in `illiyeen (1)[And what
will explain to you what Illiyeen is `illiyeen, there is a register
fully inscribed to which bear witness thosenearest to Allah (see
83:18)], and his book will be written in `illiyeen, and the shall be
said"return him to the earth, for [I promised them] I have created
them from it, and into it I shall return them, and from it Ishall
extract (resurrect) them a second time (20:55)". So [he is returned to
earth and] his soul is returned to his body [he said and he will hear
the footsteps of his friends who buried him when they leave him].
Then two [severe] angels shall come and [terrify him and] sit him up
next to them and shall ask him: "Who is your Lord?".He shall reply "My
Lord is Allah". Then they shall askhim: "What is your religion?". He
shall answer them: "My religion is Islam". Then they shall ask him
"Who is this man who was sent among you?". He will reply "He is the
Messenger of Allah (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) peace be upon him".
Then they shall ask him"What have you done?". He shall reply: "I read
the book of Allah, then I believed in it and accepted it". [The angel
will terrify him and ask him "who is your Lord?","what is your
religion?""who is your prophet?", and this will be the last trial on
earth for the believer, it is then when Allah says : "Allah will
establish in strength those who believe with the word that stands
firmin this world", so he will answer my Lord is Allah, my religion is
Islam and my Prophet is Mohammad salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam. Then a
caller will call from the sky: "My slave has spokenthe truth, so
spread out for him from the heaven, and clothe him from the heaven,
and open a door for him from the heaven (within his grave)", so
it'sgoodness and its smell will come unto him, then his grave will be
expanded for him as far as he can see.
Then a man will come to him. His face will be handsome, and his
clothes will be handsome, and his smell will be sweet. Then he shall
say unto him: I bringyou glade tidings of that which will make you
happy [Rejoice with a pleasure of Allah and delights that endure].
This is the day that you were promised (46:16). Then he will say [and
may Allah give you glad tiding] "who are you?, for your face is the
face of someone who comes with good news". He shall reply: "I am your
good deeds, [by Allah, I did not know of you but that you were quick
to the obedience of Allah and slow to His disobedience, so may Allah
reward you good]". Then he shall say: "My Lord bring the hour so that
I might return to my family and my wealth" [itwill be said to him "be
tranquil"].
He (Mohammed, salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) said: { And the
disbelieving [transgressor/wicked] servant}, if he is leaving this
life and journeying to the hereafter then angels will descend uponhim,
their faces will be black, they have with them a coarse woolen fabric
(sackcloth)[ made of fire]. Then they will sit within eye-shot of him.
Then the angel of death will come and sit at his head and will say "O
you wicked soul; come out to a anger from your Lord and a fury (from
Him)". So it will be distributed (spread out) throughout his body,
then it will be ripped away as a skewer/spit is ripped out of damp
cotton [and in its way out it will tear and cut the nerves and blood
vessels] [and then he will be cursed by all the angels between the
earthand the sky and by all theangels in the sky, and thegates of
heaven are closed. There is no gate in the heaven but its people
supplicate that the wicked soul shall not be ascended to their side],
then he will take it (the soul), not leaving it in his hand for longer
than a blink of an eye until they have placed it in that sackcloth.
And there will emanate from it a stench like that of themost evil
smelling corpse on the face of the earth. Then they shall ascend with
it, and they shall notpass with it by a group ofangels but they will
say: What is this wicked soul?.Then they shall say to them (he is)
"such" the son of "such" choosing the most hated of the names he used
to be called in this life. Until they reach the lowest heaven (sky),
then they shall ask permission to enter, and they shall not be granted
entry. Then the Messenger of Allah (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam)
recited "The doors of the sky are not opened to them, nor shallthey
enter heaven until the camel passes throughthe eye of the needle"
(7:40).
Then Allah, exalted and high, shall say: "write thebook of my servant
in Sijjeen (2)(83:7) in the lowest earth". [Then will be said "return
my slave to the earth, for I promised them I have created them from
it, andinto it I shall return them,and from it I shall extract
(resurrect) them a secondtime (20:55)"]. Then his soul shall be taken
away [from the sky] with a mighty hurl [until it is cast into his
body]. Then he (the Prophet salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) read: "and
those who associate partners with Allah, They are as one who falls
from the sky then is snatched by the birds or is cast by the wind into
a very low place (22:31)". Then his soul will be returned intohis
body, [he (the prophet) said : verily he will hear the footsteps of
his friends who buried him when they leave him]. Then two harsh severe
and fearsome angels shall come and [terrify him and] sit him up and
shall ask him:"Who is your Lord?". He shall reply "Huh?, Huh (this is
an expression of sorrow), I don't know". Then they shall ask him:"What
is your religion?". He shall answer them:"Huh?, Huh?, I don't know".
Then they shall ask him "Who is this man who was sent among you?". He
will reply"Huh?, Huh?, I don't know [I heard people saying that!]". He
(the Prophet salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) said"And then will be said
to him don't ever know anddon't ever recite!"].
Then a caller will call from the sky: "My slave has spoken falsely, so
spread out for him from the hell fire, and open a door for him from
the hell fire (within his grave)", so its heat and hot wind will come
unto him, then his grave will be contracted upon him until his limbs
are caught up among one another. Then a man will come to him. His face
will be ugly, and his clothes will be ugly, and his smell will bevile.
Then he shall say unto him: I bring you tidings of that which will
harm you. This is the day that you were promised (70:44). Then he will
say [and you, may Allah give you bad tiding] "who areyou?, for your
face is the face of someone who comes with evil". He shall reply: "I
am your evil deeds [by Allah, I did not know of you but that youwere
quick to the disobedience of Allah and slow to His obedience, so may
Allah reward you bad, and then will be assigned to him a blind, deaf
and mute person who holds in his hand a hammer, if a mountain is hit
with it, it would disintegrate, and he will beat him withit until he
becomes dust, and then Allah will render him to his initial form, and
he will beat him again, and he (the wicked) will cry of sorrow and
pain a cry that will be heard by all creatures except humans and jinn,
and a door of hell will be opened unto him within his grave and will
spread out for him sheets of hell fire]". Then he shall say: "My Lord
do not bring the hour".
This hadith is narrated byAhmad Ibn Hambal, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah,
at-Tayalisi, and al-Hakim who said it is according to the standards of
Bukhari and Muslim. This text is the text of Ahmad, all text between
brackets is from the other narrators and other narrations of Ahmad.
Notes
(1) `illiyin: comes from the root word of `uluww which means highness.
It is a place in the (highest) seventh sky where the souls of the
believers are gathered (Ibn `Abbas), it also carries the meaning of a
very high and wide place (Ibn Kathir).
(2) Sijjin: comes from the root word of sijn which means narrowness.
It is a place in the (lowest) seventh earth where the souls of the
unbelievers are gathered (Ibn `Abbas), it also carries themeaning of a
very low and narrow (Ibn Kathir).
Reading the previous hadith one may think that the punishment of the
grave is reserved onlyfor those who did not believe in Allah or
associated with him someone else in worship,lordship, creation or in
his names and attributes. It is not the case! the following authentic
hadith tells us more! so let us read it carefully : Ibn Abbas (Radiya
Allahu `anhuma) says that the Messenger of Allah, salla Allahu alaihi
wa sallam, once, while passing by two graves, remarked : The inmates
of these two graves are being tortured not for any serious sins, but
in fact they are serious sins. One of them used to carry tales
[gossiping] (nameemah) and the other used not to yastatir(1) when
urinating. [Bukhari and Muslim]
(1) yastatir means both not covering or hiding himself from the sights
ofothers as well as not cleaning himself after urinating.

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