Ramadan Articles - Fiqh of Ramadan: the How-Tos of Fasting

The Obligation
Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. It is an actof obedience
and submission to Allah's commands through the highest degree of
commitment, sincerity and faithfulness to seek Allah's mercy, to atone
for sins, errors, and mistakes and to avoid condemnation to Hell.
It is done out of deep love for God, with a genuine virtue of
devotion, honest dedication and closeness to Allah, for Fasting is for
Allah and Him alone.
The fasting during Ramadan is obligatory onevery adult, sane, and able Muslim.
Denial of the obligatory nature of fasting in the month of Ramadan
amounts to disbelief.
One who avoids fasting without genuine reasons is a sinner and
transgressor according toIslamic Shariah (Law).
Time: When to fast
Fasting in Islam involves abstinence from three primal physical needs
of human beings- food, drink, and sexual intercourse from dawn
(approximately one and a half hours before sunrise) to sunset during
the entire month of Ramadan.
Who is exempted from fasting
1.Children under the age of puberty and discretion;
2.The insane people who are unaccountable for their deeds. People of
these two categories are exempted from the duty of fasting and no
compensation or any other substitute is enjoined on them;
3.Men and women who are too old and feeble to undertake the obligation
of fasting and bear its hardships. Such people are exempted from this
duty, but they must offer at least one needypoor Muslim an average
full meal or its value per person day.
4.Sick people whose health is likely to be severely affected by
fasting. They may postpone the fast, as long as they are sick, to a
later date and makeup for it, a day fora day;
5.People expecting hardship. Such people may break the fast
temporarily during their travel only and make up for it in later days,
a day for a day. But it is better for them,the Quran says, to keep the
fast if they can without causing extraordinary hardships;
6.Expectant women and women nursing their children may also breakthe
fast, if its observance is likely to endanger their own health or that
of their infants. But they must make up for the fast at a delayed
time, a day for a day;
7.Women in periods of menstruation (of a maximum of ten days). They
must postpone thefast till recovery and then make up for it, a day for
day.
The How To's of Fasting
Niyyahor Intention of Fast
To observe the fast, the intention of fasting is essential (waajib).
The intention should be made daily, preferably before dawn of each day
of fasting (in Ramadan).
Provision is made if someone has forgotten to express his intention
before dawn. In such a case one is allowed to express intention of
fasting before noon to avoid the invalidation of the fast.
The wording of Niyyah may be as follows:
"I intend to observe fast for today."
Suhoor
Suhoor is a light, predawn meal, recommended before actually fasting.
It is a blessing and hence recommended but not essential.
Any consumption of food or drink should cease at least five to ten
minutes before the onset of dawn.
Iftar
Iftar is an Arabic term meaning breaking the fast immediately after
the sunset. Iftar is a light snack consisting of dates or desserts,
along with liquids, such as water, juice or milk.
This is eaten after making the following Duaa (supplication) for
breaking the fast:
"Oh Allah! I fasted for your sake and I am breaking my fast from the
sustenance You blessed me with, accept itfrom me."
What breaks the fast
1.Intentional consumption of food, drink, medicine, or smoking during
the fasting.
2.Any injection which hassome nutritional value.
3.Beginning of menstruation or post natal birth bleeding (even in the
last moment of sunset).
The conditions mentioned above invalidate fasting and require "Qada"
(making up only the missed day ordays). However, intentional
intercourse during the hours of fasting invalidates fasting and not
only requires "Qada" but also additional penalty (Kaffara-see the
explanation of this below).
What does not break the fast
1.Eating or drinking by mistake, unmindful of the fast.
2.Unintentional vomiting.
3.Swallowing things which are not possible to avoid, such as one's own
saliva, street dust, smoke, etc.
4.Brushing the teeth.
5.Bathing: if water is swallowed unintentionally, it does not
invalidate the fast. However, while fasting gargling should be
avoided.
6.Injection or I/V (Intravenous) which is solely medicinal and not nutritional.
7.In some special circumstances if the food or drink is just tasted
and immediatelyremoved out of the mouth without allowing it to enter
intothe throat.
Kaffara
During the fasting period, if one deliberately breaks his orher fast,
s/he must free one slave, or fast for sixtycontinuous days, or feed
sixty needy persons, or spend in charity an amount equal to feeding
sixty persons.
If one chooses to fast sixty days and the continuity is interrupted
for any reason, except menstruation, one has to start the sixty day
cycle all over again.
Breaking of the fast under exceptional conditions
Muslims are permitted to break their fast of Ramadan when there is
adanger to their health.
In this situation a Muslim should make up his/her fast later. The
missed fast(s) can be made up at any other time of the year, either
continuously or intermittently, except on the day of Eid-ul-Fitr and
the day of Eid-ul-Adha
Tarawih
These are special Sunnah prayers in the month of Ramadan. They follow
the Isha prayers. A minimum of eight and a maximum of twenty Rakat are
offered in pairsof two.
Lailat al-Qadr
Amongst the nights of Ramadan, there is one special night of Power
(Qadr) which is highlighted in Surah al-Qadr (Surah 97 in the Quran).
It has the significance of being better than a thousand months. (Quran97:3).
This was the night when Quran was revealed to mankind. Prophet
Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) recommended Muslims search
for this night of Power (Qadr) in the odd nights of the last ten
nights in Ramadan.
Muslims spend the night in Ibadah (worship), asking forgiveness of
their sins and reciting theQuran.