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Tuesday, November 5, 2013

Fathwa, - Questions on Covering: Grandfather, Step father, Non-Muslim Women

Question:
If I am a female, then do I have to wear hijab in front of the brother
of my maternal grandmother? Also, what about the brother of my
maternal grandfather?
If I am a male, then would the daughter of my paternal grandfather (by
his second wife, i.e. not the mother of my father but his step-mother)
be my mahram?
"The awra (nakedness) of a Muslim woman in front of non-Muslim women
is the same as that in front of strange (non-mahram) men. That means
that she cannot uncover her hair in front of them." Do the Ulama
mention any reason? What if the non-Muslim woman is old?
Answer:
Wa �alaykum al-salam
No, a female would not have to cover in front of the brother of her
maternal grandmother nor in front of the brother of her maternal
grandfather as both of these are the uncle of her mother. Qudri Basha
explained in his codification of Hanafi family law that a woman�s
mahrams (unmarriageable kin) include her own uncles as well as the
uncles of her parents or their parents and on up. [Qudri
Basha,al-Ahkamal-Shar�iyya fi al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya, article 22]
Yes, the daughter of one�s paternal grandfather from his second wife
would be one�s mahram. Ibn Nujaym mentions inal-Bahr
al-Ra�iqcommenting on the words of imam-al-Nasafi inKanz
al-Daqa�iqconcerning the unlawfulness of marrying one�s maternal and
paternal aunts that one�s aunts here also includes the daughters of
one�s grandparents and on up.
Concerning a woman�s having to cover fully in front of non Muslim
women, the opinion of the Hanafis, Malikis and the strongest opinion
of the Shafi�is is that it is incumbent on her to do so. The dalil
mentioned to support this opinion is verse 31 of sura al-Nur where
Allah most high states the various groups of people in front of whom
women do not have to cover themselves fully. Among the groups
mentioned is �their women� (nisa�ihinn). The fact that Allah
restricted it to a particular group of women by saying �their women�
instead of leaving it absolute as just �women� implies clearly that
not all women can be included and if one were to include non Muslim
women then there would be no benefit left to be drawn from the
restriction mentioned in the noble verse. This is the interpretation
for this verse that is transmitted from �Abdullah ibn �Abbas.
Furthermore, Al-Qadi Abu Bakr ibn al-�Arabi mentions in hisAhkam
al-Qur�anthat �Umar bin Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him) wrote
to Abu �Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah saying, �It has reached me that Muslim
women are entering the public bathhouses with women from the people of
the book. Forbid this.� Abu �Ubaida responded by publicly
announcing, �Any woman who enters the public bathhouse with no excuse
of illness or disease so that she may make herself white for the sake
of her husband then may Allah make her face black on the day when
faces are turned white.�
The opinion of the Hanbalis is that a non Muslim woman is just like a
Muslim woman whilst the other opinion of the Shafi�i school which is
deemed strong though not most correct is that a non Muslim woman may
see of a Muslim woman that which normally shows when working. So
there is a dispensation that can be taken in situations when fully
covering in front of other women is genuinely difficult.
And Allah knows best.
Sohail Hanif
From Ahkam al-Qur�an of Qadi Abu Bakr ibn al-�Arabi:الْمُسْتَثْنَى
التَّاسِعُ : قَوْلُهُ : { أَوْ نِسَائِهِنَّ } : وَفِيهِ قَوْلَانِ :
أَحَدُهُمَا : أَنَّهُ جَمِيعُ النِّسَاءِ . وَالثَّانِي : أَنَّهُ
نِسَاءُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ . فَأَمَّاأَهْلُ الذِّمَّةِفَلَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ
تَكُونَ الْمُسْلِمَةُ مُبْدِيَةً لَهُنَّ زِينَتَهَا وَقَدْ كَتَبَ
عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ إلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ :
أَمَّا بَعْدُ ، فَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ نِسَاءَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ
يَدْخُلْنَ الْحَمَّامَاتِ مَعَهُنَّ نِسَاءُ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ ،
فَامْنَعْ ذَلِكَ ، وَحُلْ دُونَهُ . ثُمَّ إنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ قَامَ
فِي ذَلِكَ الْمَقَامَ مُمْتَثِلًا ، فَقَالَ : " أَيُّمَا امْرَأَةٍ
دَخَلَتْ الْحَمَّامَ مِنْ غَيْرِ عِلَّةٍ وَلَا سَقَمٍ تُرِيدُ
الْبَيَاضَ لِزَوْجِهَا فَسَوَّدَ اللَّهُ وَجْهَهَا يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ
الْوُجُوهُ " . وَالصَّحِيحُ عِنْدِي أَنَّ ذَلِكَ جَائِزٌ لِجَمِيعِ
النِّسَاءِ ، وَإِنَّمَا جَاءَ بِالضَّمِيرِ لِلِاتِّبَاعِ ، فَإِنَّهَا
آيَةُ الضَّمَائِرِ ؛ إذْ فِيهَا خَمْسٌ وَعِشْرُونَ ضَمِيرًا لَمْ
يَرَوْا فِي الْقُرْآنِ لَهَا نَظِيرًا ، فَجَاءَ هَذَا لِلِاتِّبَاعِ .
From the Mawsu�a al-Fiqhiyya:عورةالمرأة المسلمة بالنسبة للأجنبية
الكافرة : 4 - ذهب جمهور الفقهاء : ( الحنفية والمالكية وهو الأصح عند
الشافعية ) إلى أن المرأة الأجنبية الكافرة كالرجل الأجنبي بالنسبة
للمسلمة ، فلا يجوز أن تنظر إلى بدنها ، وليس للمسلمة أن تتجرد بين يديها
، لقوله تعالى : { ولا يبدين زينتهن إلا لبعولتهن أو آبائهن أو آباء
بعولتهن أو أبنائهن أو أبناء بعولتهن أو إخوانهن أو بني إخوانهن أو بني
أخواتهن أو نسائهن } أي النساء المسلمات فلو جاز نظر المرأة الكافرة لما
بقي للتخصيص فائدة ، وقد صح عن عمر رضي الله عنه الأمر بمنع الكتابيات من
دخول الحمام مع المسلمات . ومقابل الأصح عند الشافعية أنه يجوز أن ترى
الكافرة من المسلمة ما يبدو منها عند المهنة ، وفي رأي آخر عندهم أنه
يجوز أن ترى منها ما تراه المسلمة منها وذلك لاتحاد الجنس كالرجال .
والمذهب عند الحنابلة أنه لا فرق بين المسلمة والذمية ولا بين المسلم
والذمي في النظر ، وقال الإمام أحمد في رواية عنه : لا تنظر الكافرة إلى
الفرج من المسلمة ولا تكون قابلة لها . وفي رواية أخرى عنه أن المسلمة لا
تكشف قناعها عند الذمية ولا تدخل معها الحمام .
From the Mawsu�a al-Fiqhiyya:وقال الحنابلة : العجوز التي لا يشتهى
مثلها لا بأس بالنظر إلى ما يظهر منها غالبا ، لقوله تعالى : { والقواعد
من النساء اللاتي لا يرجون نكاحا } وفي معنى العجوز الشوهاء التي لا
تشتهى ، ومن ذهبت شهوته من الرجال لكبر أو عنة أو مرض لا يرجى برؤه
والخصي والشيخ والمخنث الذي لا شهوة له فحكمه حكم ذوي المحارم في النظر ،
لقوله تعالى : { أو التابعين غير أولي الإربة } . وعند الشافعية حكمه حكم
الأجنبي ، إذ يحرم عليه النظر حتى إلى الوجه والكفين عند خوف الفتنة .
وقال الحنفية والشافعية :ظهورالمرأة بالزينة للصغير الذي لم يظهر على
عورات النساء ، والذي لا يعرف العورة من غير العورة لا بأس به لقوله
تعالى : { أو الطفل الذين لم يظهروا على عورات النساء } ، وأما الذي يعرف
التمييز بين العورة وغيرها وقارب الحلم فلا يجوز لها إبداء زينتها له

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