Dought & clear, - Conditions for Prayer, - She prayed when she was junub by mistake – does she have to repeat the prayers?.

I prayed Fajr and Zuhr and 'Asr without having done ghusl for janaabah
because I forgot. After having a bath at Maghrib time I repeated these
prayers before praying Maghrib. Then my husband told me that it is
essential to have the right intention (niyyah) for doing ghusl, so I
did ghusl and prayed 'Isha' and I did not repeat the rest of the
prayers. Are my prayers from Fajr to Maghrib valid? What do I have to
do?.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
Whoever prays when he is not in a state of tahaarah (purity) has to
purify himself and repeat the prayer, according to scholarly
consensus, even if he forgot. Al-Nawawi said inal-Majmoo'(2/78):
The Muslims are unanimously agreed that it is haraam to pray when one
is impure, and they are unanimously agreed that the prayer is not
valid whether he knew that he was impure or was unaware of it or
forgot. But if he prayed not knowing it or having forgotten it, there
is no sin on him; if he knew that he was impure and that it is haraam
to pray when one is impure, then he has committed a grave sin.
Secondly:
Ghusl following janaabah is not valid unless one has the intention of
doing ghusl, because the Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) said: "Actions are but by intentions." Narrated by al-Bukhaari,
1; Muslim, 1907.
The site of the intention is the heart; it is not required to speak it out loud.
If you remembered that you were in a state of janaabah before you took
a bath at Maghrib time, and you took a bath for that reason and
repeated the prayers that you had offered when you were junub, then
that ghusl is valid because the intention was there. You did well to
repeat the prayers as this is what is required of you.
But if you did not remember that you were in a state of janaabah until
after you had had the bath, and you took a bath in order to clean
yourself or to cool yourself down, for example, then this bath did not
take away the janaabah because there was no intention to do so. In
that case you have to repeat the ghusl and the prayers. You repeated
the ghusl, so all that remains for you to do is to repeat the prayers.
So repeat Fajr, Zuhr, 'Asr and Maghrib.
And Allaah knows best.

For children, - The survival tactics of polar animals

Emperor Penguins
Emperor penguins are able to dive to depths of 500 meters (1,640 feet)
for up to 20 minutes with no adverse effects to their respiration or
blood pressure. They also possess the ability to adapt to these
conditions in different ways. While diving, they are able to lower
their heartbeats from 200 a minute to only 60, thus allowing them to
store extra myoglobin.
How Can Penguins Hold Their Breath for So Long?
Myoglobin is a protein present at high levels in these birds' muscles.
These myoglobin proteins bind to themselves high numbers of oxygen
molecules. In other words, the penguin conserves the oxygen it will
need not in the air held in its lungs, but directly inside its
muscles. This lets penguins swim underwater for long periods and to
dive as deep as they wish, without relying on the breathed-in air held
in their lungs..
Why Do They Not Suffer from the Bends?
Penguins are able to continue swimming even when the oxygen in their
blood drops to the lowest levels. Human beings suffer from the bends
under such conditions. The level in question is 20 mm Hg for penguins
and 25 mm Hg for humans. However, scientists have been unable to
explain how penguins can to overcome this in the water without being
affected by low levels of oxygen in the blood.
How Can They Go Without Food for 65 Days?
Male penguins have a secret that lets them survive without eating
anything for 65 days, until the females arrive to take of the young in
order to protect their eggs: they possess a structure capable of
blocking their digestive systems..
Their Magnificent Diving Costumes
Adult penguins on the ice eat nothing for months until after they
shedd their coats in the summer. All their old feathers are shed, and
new ones emerge from underneath. The result is a windproof, insulated
and waterproof diving suit that prevents cold—whether from icy wind
or frigid water— reaching their skin. The most striking feature of
their new plumage is that it appears just when the penguins need it
most— when the time to migrate has arrived.
Brief Facts from the Pole
In the middle of winter, daylight at the North Pole last for only
three hours. In order to protect themselves from the freezing cold
during the other 21 hours, penguins huddle up against one another in
the dark.
By huddling up to one another, the male penguins are able to raise
their body temperatures to up to 20° C (68 oF).
Since solitary penguins are unable to benefit from other penguins'
body heat, they cannot survive in temperatures any lower than -10° C
(14 oF)
Under Such Conditions, How Can Penguins Walk for Many Kilometers with
Such Large Bodies and Short Legs?
In order to conserve energy when they walk, penguins waddle from side,
to side, which tires their muscles less. In this way, at the end of
every step, they store up enough momentum for the next. If they
employed a normal gait, their short legs would force them to expend
twice as much energy as any other animal their own size. However,
penguins exert the most energy only when they start to walk and when
they want to stop.
These features of penguins are some of the greatest proofs of Allah's
affection and compassion for living things. Walking in such a way as
to conserve energy by using the conversion of kinetic and potential
energy and back again is something no bird can learn on its own. No
penguin can know about potential-kinetic energy conversion and develop
such a gait as to take advantage of this, unless so inspired by Allah.
Allah's sovereignty over living things is revealed as follows in one
verse of the Qur'an:
"I put my trust in Allah, My Lord and your Lord! There is not a moving
creature, but He hath grasp of its fore-lock. Verily, it is my Lord
that is on a straight Path." (Surah Hud, 56)
How Do Seals Locate Their Prey in the Dark?
A seal locates its prey without using its eyes by following traces
that its quarry leaves behind it in the water. These traces, invisible
to the naked eye, are hydrodynamic waves set up by the movement of the
prey. Just by following these traces, a seal is able to catch its
prey. Thanks to this ability, seals have no difficulty in hunting in
the dark or in murky water.
Secret Whale Feeding Techniques
The cold waters of the North Pole are actually very rich in
nutrients—for which reason, whales deliberately migrate to these from
warmer waters. During their time near the Pole they consume small,
shrimp-like fish known as krill, and store up nutrients in their
blubber.
When a pod of whales locates a school of fish or krill, they act in
unison. When the fish sense danger and start diving to the bottom, the
whales dive down even deeper, en masse, and immediately begin exhaling
air bubbles, which form a kind of stockade or barrier cage around the
fish. These bubbles that spread around the fish and stop them getting
away form a round wall. Then all the whales need to do is to open
their mouths as they begin returning to the surface through the middle
of this ring. Thanks to this planning and joint action, they are
easily able to engulf their prey.
For all this astonishing behavior, there is only one explanation:
These birds and marine mammals behave in accordance with the
inspiration of Allah, their Creator.

For children, - The sublime creation of marine life forms

Marine mammals possess special bodily systems to allow them to survive
entirely in water.
Whales and dolphins represent the living group known as, "marine
mammals." These creatures are part of the mammal class because, just
like mammals on dry land, they give birth to and suckle their young,
use lungs for breathing, and heat their own bodies. However, since
they are mammals that live in the sea, their physical structures are
rather different to those of other mammals. They have special bodily
systems designed for living entirely in water, thanks to which they
are able to swim for many kilometres without tiring and to see
everything in the water and on land with the same clarity. (Harun
Yahya, The Design in Nature)
The Ability to See Clearly in Different Environments
The eyes of whales and dolphins permit them to see in very different
surroundings. Their vision is equally perfect beneath and above the
water. A dolphin, for example, can leap 6 metres above the water and
easily seize a piece of food held up for it in the air. Yet, most
living creatures, human beings included, are unable to see very well
outside their own habitats, due to differences in the refraction of
light. The difference between the eyes of marine mammals and
terrestrial mammals are astonishingly detailed. On land, the potential
dangers facing the eye are physical impacts and dust. That is why
terrestrial mammals have eyelids. In a water environment, however, the
greatest dangers are salt levels, the pressure arising when diving
down to great depths, and damage due to marine currents. In order to
avoid direct contact with the current, the eyes are located on the
sides of the head. There is also a hard layer that protects the eye
during deep diving. Since the bottom of the sea is in darkness beneath
a depth of 9 metres, the eyes of marine mammals have been equipped
with various features allowing them to adapt to the darkness. For
example, the lens is perfectly spherical. Light-sensitive rod cells
are more numerous than cone cells, which are sensitive to colour and
detail. In addition, there is a special phosphorus containing layer
inside the eye. That is why marine animals can see so well in the
dark.
The Miracle of Life in Salt Water
Mammals, such as whales and dolphins, that live in the sea require
fresh water in order to survive. Unlike fish, however, they do not
meet that need using salt water. These mammals meet the greater part
of their water requirements by eating other living things that contain
only a third as much salt as the level in the oceans.
For marine mammals, with such restricted water resources, it is of the
greatest importance that as much water as possible be stored and
preserved inside their bodies. The well-known scientific journal,
Scientific American, examined this important subject under the
heading, "How marine mammals drink salt water." In a statement in the
magazine, the marine biologist, Robert Kennedy, described how marine
mammals obtain the water they need from the food they consume. Kennedy
noted that marine mammals reduce the levels of salt in their bodies
and regulate the water in their blood by avoiding salty food particles
(Scientific American, July, 2001).
Research has shown that marine mammals are able to preserve the fresh
water in their bodies, thanks to solutions that are unique to them. In
order to avoid water loss, these creatures do not sweat since they
have no sweat glands in their skin. Their kidneys also reduce the
amount of water expelled in urine by maintaining a high level of urea
in the blood. Water loss is thereby reduced to a minimum.
Complex Mechanisms
These vital functions are obviously essential to marine mammals'
survival. However, it is impossible for them to have thought of and
discovered all these finely-tuned details of their own will. These
creatures possess no intelligence with which to choose what they will
eat or to maintain the water in their bodies. Even if they did possess
such intelligence, it would still be impossible for them to construct
the complex mechanisms in question inside their own bodies. All these
solutions, the product of intelligence, are signs of creation revealed
to us by science that we encounter in a great many living things.
There is no doubt that it is Almighty Allah, Lord of the Worlds, who
creates marine mammals and inspires them with how to maintain the
levels of water in their bodies.
The Interesting Way That Marine Mammals Sleep
How do marine mammals, that spend their entire lives in the water,
manage to sleep without drowning?
A team led by Bruce Hecker, director of the South Carolina Aquarium,
investigated the answer to this question and revealed two basic
methods of sleeping.
Marine mammals either rest silently in a horizontal or vertical
position in the water, or else sleep while slowly swimming alongside
another animal. Dolphins, which live alone, tend to sleep more deeply
and at night. This is known as "logging," because, in this state, the
dolphin resembles a log floating on the surface of the water. When
marine mammals sleep and swim at the same time, this is known as
"napping." Young whales and dolphins rest and sleep by being drawn
into the slipstreams created by their mothers, known as "echelon
swimming." At these times, the mother is also able to sleep while
moving. Adult male dolphins, on the other hand, usually travel in
pairs and swim side by side when sleeping. Females and youngsters
travel in larger groups, or pods. They are able to rest in the same
general area or else pair up with companionable animals to sleep while
swimming.
When sleeping, these animals shut down half of their brains, together
with the opposite eye. The other half of the brain remains awake at a
low level of alertness. This attentive side is employed to watch out
for predators, obstacles, and other animals. At the same time, it also
emits a signal telling the animal when to rise to the surface for
fresh air. After some two hours or so, the animal reverses the
situation, resting the attentive half of the brain and activating the
other. This model is generally referred to as "cat-napping." Dolphins
generally sleep at night, once, and for a period of only a few hours.
They are generally active during the later hours of the night,
probably matching this period of wakefulness to catch fish and squid.
There can be no doubt that it is Almighty Allah who bestows these
systems on marine mammals. Allah has created these life forms with the
ideal characteristics to permit them to survive. Our responsibility is
to have sure and certain faith in our Lord and to be able to see the
manifest evidence of His existence on Earth:
"And in your creation and all the creatures He has spread about there
are Signs for people with certainty."(Surat Al-Jathiyya,4)

Dua when the wind blows or during a wind storm

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ خَيْرَهَا ، وَأَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّهَا
Translation
O Allah, I ask You for it's goodness and I seek refuge with You from it's evil.
Transliteration
allaahumma innee as'aluka khayrahaa, wa a'oodhu bika min sharrihaa
Sources: Abu Dawud No# 5097; Ibn Majah No# 3727