Fathwa, - Child's best interests should determine who takes custody of it

Question
My question is regarding the custody of a child when the parents
divorced. I have recently asked for a release from my husband while
being pregnant. I am having difficulty understanding the custody
situation in the issue that comes with divorce. The man that I married
came from Yemen for medical reasons and during this time he took me as
his third wife. When I asked for the release, the only question that
went through my mind was the custody of my daughter. He has told me
that he has more right to take her because he lives in a Muslim
country while I live here in America. At first I was very troubled by
this and became emotional on this matter and turned to Allah for help.
Over time I have came to the conclusion that it may actually be best
to have my daughter raised in an Islamic society at a very young age.
Being a revert I understand how difficult it is to adapt to new things
and to forget the old and I would never want my children to be in a
time of difficult decision if I can help it. My ex-husband has told me
that he would not take her from me until maybe the age of two... once
more the emotional roller coaster arrives. It's a bit different if he
lived down the road but seeing as though he is in another country and
he hardly has the money to send his family back to visit their family
it worries me about the heart ache I may endure from raising a child
for two years to have her just leave in one day. He has not talked to
me about financial support during this time because his solution is
simply to let her go to him and I personally do not have the money
myself to take care of two children )one from a previous relationship(
With this a new question arrives. Is it permissible for me to give my
child to him at an earlier age )say six months( can he deny the child
or is it an obligation for him to take her even without me getting
remarried? I want what is best for my child, and I know that he is a
very good father and I hold nothing
Answer
All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify
that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that
Muhammadis His slave and Messenger.
First of all, you should know that it is not permissible for a wife to
ask her husband for divorce except in certain cases that we clarified
in Fatwa 131953. Even if we assume that a wife has a sound reason to
ask for divorce from her husband, she should not hasten to it, as the
benefit might not always be in divorce; rather, she should be patient
as much as she can, especially if they have children.
If divorce takes place, the mother has the right to custody of her
children as long as she does not remarry as clarified in Fatwa 82128.
If she remarries, custody moves to the female who is more deserving of
the custody of the child among the female relatives according to the
order mentioned by the jurists, which we clarified in Fatwa 84618.
On the other hand, the majority of the scholars are of the view that
if one of the parents travels to another location to live and settle
there, the custody is for the father. The father is even more entitled
to custody if he is moving to a Muslim country as it is dangerous to
the religion of the children to reside in a non-Muslim country where
there are many causes for temptation, in addition to the freedom that
has no limits. For more benefit on the danger of residing in a
non-Muslim country to the upbringing of Muslim children, please refer
to Fatwa 179175.
However, some scholars differentiated in this regard between an infant
who is still breastfeeding and other children. They are of the view
that the infant should not be taken away from his mother since he
needs her care; this is due to the harm that is inflicted on the
infant and his mother by taking him away from her, and because Islam
has taken into consideration the interests of the child. After
mentioning the statements of the scholars in this regard,Ibn
Al-Qayyimsaid in Zaad Al-Ma'aad: "All these statements are not based
upon evidence that comforts the heart as you see; the correct view is
to look into the matter and consider the interests of the child and
what is best for him, either keeping him where he already resides or
moving him to another location. It is what is more beneficial for him
and what better protects him that should be taken into account, and
residing in the same location or moving to another one has no effect."
As regards your question whether or not your husband has the right to
refuse custody, then the answer to this question is based on the
following issue over which the scholars differed: Is custody the right
of the custodian or the right of the child?Ibn Al-Qayyimsaid: "The
jurists differed in opinion over custody; is it a right for the
custodian or a duty upon him? There are two opinions in this regard
according to the Maaliki and Hanbali Schools of Jurisprudence;
accordingly, can the one who has the right of custody renounce it?
There are two opinions in this regard."
In any case, the father is obligated to spend on the child whether the
child is in his custody or in its mother's custody.
Finally, we advise you to try to reach a mutual understanding with
your husband about what is better for your daughter and opting for
what is best for her and renouncing your right for the benefit of your
daughter. But if there is a dispute, then it is better to take the
matter to an authority that is specialized in studying the matters of
the Muslims like the Islamic Centers. This is of course if we assume
that divorce has taken place, otherwise if it is possible to reconcile
and continue the marital relationship, then this is more appropriate
as we have already mentioned.
Allaah Knows best.