Fathwa, - A husband saying to his wife 'You c..

Question
1(If a man says to his wife: "If you do not want to be with me, then
you can divorce me, I do not intend to divorce you" And then the woman
says, "you can be sure that I take from you a divorce" But they both
thought that it was all the same to what she says it does not matter
because the woman can not take a divorce. Neither of them did not know
that a man can give a woman the right to divorce . So, this woman did
not mean that she now divorce from her husband, because she did not
ask for a khul . Her words were threats that she intends to divorce in
the future.What is ruling? 2( And another question ..If a man says to
his wife, I divorce you . But he means in the future . and both
understand that he means it in the future. What is ruling?
Answer
All perfect praise be to Allah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that
there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammadis His
slave and Messenger.
These words that were exchanged between that husband and his wife do
not lead to divorce as long as they did not intend divorce by saying
them.Qalyoobisaid in his Haashiyah: "Among the cases of giving the
wife authority to divorce herself is the clear word of divorce if it
is attributed to other than its proper person; like if he )a husband(
said to his wife: 'divorce me' or 'I am divorced from you', and she
said 'I divorce you', then if he had intended to give her authority to
divorce herself and she intended divorce, divorce is effective,
otherwise it is not."
Besides, if a man says to his wife 'I divorce you' intending divorce
in the future, then this does not lead to divorce as it is like a
promise )of divorce(;Shaykh Ibn 'Uhtaymeensaid in his book Ash-Sharh
Al-Mumti' a'la Zaad Al-Mustaqni': "His )Al-Hijjaawi's( statement
)about uttering divorce( 'in the present tense' like saying 'you are
being divorced' does not lead to divorce as it is a report which
indicates that she will be divorced )in the future(, while divorce is
in the hands of the husband. But if the husband intended the present
)i.e. initiating divorce on the spot(, then she is divorced as the
present tense )in the Arabic language( could refer to both the present
and the future."
For more benefit on the fact that uttering divorce in the present
tense is a promise of divorce and it is not effective unless the
husband intends divorce on the spot,Allah Knows best.

Fathwa, - Divorce after 'Iddah isof no signi..

Question
Salaamualaikum; Am a Hanafi sunni Muslim, I had given TALAQ telephonic
to my wife on 5th February 2013 )She was nor on menstrual periods
neither pregnant( , later in due time of three menstrual period of
her, I did not said or done any RUJU )we were staying in two different
cities in due time(, after completion of 3 months from the date of
TALAQ pronounced, I asked her to marry me and settle the issues, but
she didn't agreed and our fight continued. Later On the 8th July 2013
I wrote her email writing entire happening among us and the reason for
first TALAQ; and in last line of email I wrote" I am giving you "TALAQ
TALAQ TALAQ" ". Now the query is what is the status of my TALAQ
according to sharia in the light of Quran and Hadeeth?? Weather it is
considers as only one TALAQ OR its Consider as a 3 TALAQ?? The 2
Muftis had confused me saying one as Triple Talaq had hapend and other
one as it's a only one talaq. Kindly clarify in detail to forward the
same message to our Muftees. Jazakallah Khair.
Answer
All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify
that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that
Muhammadis His slave and Messenger.
If the matter is as you mentioned in the question that the waiting
period from the first divorce had elapsed by the expiry of three
menses, then this woman is no longer your wife, and she is a
non-Mahram to you. So the three divorces which you initiated are of no
significance and they are not taken into account because you initiated
divorce to a woman who was not your wife.Allah Knows best.

Fathwa, - Step-brother is not a Mahram to his..

Question
Salam alaikum I have a grown up girl of 12, and i am considering
marriage to a man who has joint custody of his 13 yr old son. This
means his son will stay 4 days with him. What is the ruling behind the
situation esp if the son will be living int eh same house as my
daughter who would be a step sisters. jazakalla khair i look forward
to recieving your answer
Answer
All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify
that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad,
is His Slave and Messenger.
If you marry that man and he has a son from another wife, then his son
is a non-Mahram )marriageable man( to your daughter, and thus it is
not permissible for them )i.e. his son and your daughter( to be in
seclusion with each other or to mix together in a suspicious manner.
Rather, they have to be considered strangers to each other.
Allaah Knows best.

Story, - Love makes life beautiful

My love story starts different stages and diffrnt roles. Love give
both happy and painful, but love is so great why?
Every men and womens love at certain age i.e feeling in u r heart.
Love is told somebody infactuation and attraction. This is also true
but somebody love strong both oneside and twoside love. Her and him
wait untill success them love.
Love will do but luv is not life. My love story starts at studying
eighth class, her so beautiful, but i dont know what is love, every
day i will seen in class room and followed. She also looks this
process up to ningth class. I will join another school but but i don't
proposed some feeling in my heart every day remembering and feel some
days. This love end.
Intermediate no can do love, not coeducation, i interested on study.
Am studying average. Next love begin in engineering. One girl chose, i
will do sincerly, me only luv not her. She don't know luv to him. I
cant prpose in b.tech, after i prpose but her told u not like

Story, - Insecure love or true love..!

Hi i am 19 yr old, i love a 20 yr old guy whom i call caro. He is
really very adorable... our parents were fly friends.. His parents
were very cool n loving.. i knew them for almost 4 yrs but just 8
months back i became friendly with caro n fell in love with him.. :)
i confessed my love for love for him but he gave no reply... he still
behaved the same way he used to, he didn't change even a bit after
knowing my feelings for him.. It was very confusing and i wasn't able
to understand what was going on in his mind and what he felt about
me..
A month later something happened n his parents stoped talking to mine,
things changed, he was asked not to talk to any1 of us, yet he used to
talk to me and i was unaware of that. Once we went for a movie and
aunty came to know about it, she called me up n said that,"like a
mother i'm telling you, stop all this n i know u will obey like a
daughter". She had also taken away caro's mbl n sent him abroad..!!
For a month v dnt tlk, later on i contactd him through fb, he
replied... v were just tlking as friends then...
When he came bck to india i askd him wat he felt abt me?? he said he
is nt ready for a relationship nw n dat we will stay as friends for
nw..! i askd him wat abt the future? wil he evr b ready to be in a
relationship with me?? he said he doesnt knw n dat i shouldnt b
thinking abt it nw..! he still dnt knew dat his mum had askd me to
stop tlking to him n his dad had called up home to tell my parents to
break all the relations with them...!
i askd him if i should wait for him to be ready or forget abt him? he
told me dat he is nt ready for a relationship nw n he cannot tell
anything else...
a few days back i told him everything abt wat had happnd wen he wasnt
here, he said he was unaware of all dis..! i told him i didnt wanna
loose him, he said pray n everything will b alright..
he still tlks to me, wenevr i tell him i love him he eithr doesnt
reply or just smiles..!
i dnt knw wat he feels abt me!! aftr knwing dat our parents dnt want
us to tlk yet he tlks to me.. he never stoped me from loving him...!
he is really very nice n understanding bt i dnt knw wat should i do..!
i dnt knw if these r his signs of gently telling me dat he doesnt love
me coz he is too good to break my heart or a sign dat he may fall in
love with me..!
m risking my life for him n i dnt evn knw if he'l stand by be when his
parents come to knw dat i still tlk to him..! i really love caro alot
n hope that he does tell me soon abt his feelings for me n nt kip me
waiting in hopes more..!

Beliefs and Practices

Islam is the only religion in the world that says that its precepts
are natural. The Holy Quran says:
"..It is Allah's Nature on which Allah has created humans. There is no
change in Allah's creation. This is the established religion (deen
al-qayyim) but many of the humans know not." (Surat al-Room, Verse
30).
In Islam, thebeliefshave primary position; they are the roots, and
thepracticesare branches that are dependent for their existence on the
roots. The primary belief is that of the Unity and Supreme Sovereignty
of Allah, the Almighty, the Everpresent, the Everlasting, the
All-knowing. Allah is Just. He sent prophets to convey His message. He
selected Imams to safeguard His message. He ordained a Day of
Judgement when the deeds of His creatures will be measured and
rewarded or punished accordingly. Belief in Allah, therefore, entails
belief in all of the above.
Islam is the last divine religion and Prophet Muhammad (s) is the last
Messenger of Allah. In Islam, Allah has encompassed all His
commandments and decrees - decrees that will suffice for humankind til
the end of the world. The commandments are there not only to guide His
creatures to proper belief, but also to show them the proper way to
live their lives. Islam says that its practices are for benefit of the
followers, benefit in this world and in the hereafter.
The ethical and moral degeneration of the western society and the
predominance of suicide, drug abuse, and crime, seem to clearly
indicate that spiritual health of an individual and a community is as
important as physical health. The factors of physical and spiritual
well-being form the basis of Islamic practices. All that is necessary
for a person's spiritual and physical well-being is obligatory, and
all that is harmful is haram (prohibited). Islam shows ways of dealing
with the world around us; the responsibilities of a person to oneself,
to parents, to siblings, to offspring, to spouses, to neighbors, to
society, to nation; what habits to cultivate and what to avoid; what
things to possess and what to give away; what time to sleep and what
time to wake up; when and how to make love and when and how to refrain
from it; when to speak up and when to remain silent; what to eat; how
to eat; how to seek knowledge, etc. In short, Islam teaches values and
priorities concerned with every walk of life.
Islam fulfills all the needs of the human nature in such a way that by
following the path of Islam, a person can attain a state of perfection
that is close to divinity. Here is a very brief look at some of the
general guidelines that Islam provides for living an ideal life.
The Prophet (May God bless Him and His Descendents) in one of
hissermonsthat have been preserved, said:
"O people! Reach the signs that have been fixed for you and get to the
destinations that have been determined for you. Verily, the believer
strives between two fears: the fear about his past, concerning which
he does not know how God would judge it; and the fear for the future,
concerning which he does not know what God has decreed therein. Let
the believer take from his (transitory) self that which shall benefit
his (abiding) self and from the world that which shall benefit him in
the hereafter. Let him benefit from youth before old age comes upon
him, and from life before death seizes him. By Him in Whose hands is
the life of Mohammad. There is no possibility of penitence after this
world and there is no abode after it save heaven or hell" (Usul
al-Kafi, Hadith 191/1599).
Islam has always stressed upon theimportance of acquiring knowledge.
The book Nahjul Balagha quotes the first Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a):
"O' Kumayl, knowledge is better than wealth. Knowledge guards you,
while you have to guard the wealth. Wealth decreases by spending,
while knowledge multiplies by spending, and the results of wealth die
as wealth decays. O' Kumayl, knowledge is belief which is acted upon.
With it man acquires obedience during his life and a good name after
his death. Knowledge is the ruler while wealth is ruled upon."
One of the most important relationships in a person's life is that
between parents and offspring. In an invocation in as-Sahifat
al-Kaamilah, the fourth Imam, Ali ibn al-Husayn (a) sheds light on how
this relationship should be handled:
"O Allah, make me such that I may fear my parents the way one fears a
cruel king, that I may act towards them like a merciful mother. And
let my obedience toward them and my doing good unto them be more
satisfying to me than the sleep of a sleeping person and the quenching
of thirst of a thirsty person, so that I may give priority to their
desires over my own, and their happiness over my own..... Let my voice
be lowered before them, and let my speech be good before them, and let
my nature be soft toward them and let my heart be kind toward them and
let me be their companion..."
What practices should one undertake indealing with the world around
oneself? A part of the answer can be found in the fourth Imam's words:
"O Allah, I beg your forgiveness: for not helping the oppressed who
suffered oppression in my ken; for not offering thanks in return for
some good done unto me; for not accepting the apologies of one who
apologized for doing bad unto me; for refusing to give priority over
my own needs to the needs of one who had petitioned me....."
Abu Basir says: "A man said to Abu Jafar (the fifth Imam, God's
benediction be upon him), 'I am feeble of deeds and my fasts are few.
However, I try to eat nothing but that which is lawful.' The Imam said
to him, 'What endeavor is better than the effort to remain chaste in
respect of one's livelihood and sex relations?'" (Usul al-Kafi,
201/1638). Usul al-Kafi quotes the sixth Imam, Jafar al-Sadiq (a) as
saying: "The noble characteristics are ten. Cultivate them if you can,
for these qualities may be found in a man but not in his children, or
they may be found in the children but not in their father (i.e. they
are not hereditary), or they may be found in a slave and not in a
freeman." "What are they?", he was asked. The Imam said, "They are:
sincerity of indifference (to what is in the hands of people),
truthfulness, trustworthiness, consideration and care of one's
relatives, hospitality, giving food to the beggar, returning the
favors done to one, care for one's neighbor, care for one's companion,
and modesty, at the head of them all." (190/1552).
In conclusion, a point to remember is that according to Islamic
spirit, thefirst and foremost aim of a believerin following the
practices laid down byIslam is to seek Allah's pleasure.

Basics of becoming Muslim

Islam is an Arabic word and it connotes submission, surrender and
obedience. As a religion, Islam stands forcomplete submission and
obedience to Allah(God).
Islam, in fact, is an attributive title. Anyone who possesses this
attribute, whatever race, community, country or group he or she
belongs to, is a Muslim. According to the Qur'an (the Holy Book of the
Muslims), among every people and in all ages there have been good and
righteous people who possessed this attribute - and all of them were
and are Muslims.
Islam is a universal and eternal religion. Its appeal is to the whole
humanity. Any person who declares belief in La ilaha illallah
Muhammad-ur-Rasulullah (there is no deity but Allah, and Muhammad is
His Prophet) enters the fold of Islam and entitles him or herself to
the same rights as those of other Muslims.
Prophet Muhammad (blessings of Allah and peace be upon him) has
enjoined us to believe in five articles of faith:
1.Belief in one God Who has absolutely no associate with Him in His divinity;
2.Belief in God's Angels;
3.Belief in God's Books, and in the Holy Qur'an as His Last Book;
4.Belief in God's Prophets, and in Muhammad (blessings of Allah and
peace be upon him) as His Last and Final Messenger; and
5.Belief in life after death.
One who believes in these articles enters the fold of Islam and
becomes a member of the Muslim community. But one does not become a
complete Muslim by mere vocal profession alone. To become a complete
Muslim one has to fully carry out in practice the (blessings of Allah
and peace be upon him) as ordained by God.
These five articles form the foundation for the superstructure of
Islam. Their gist is contained in the short sentence known
asKalimah-Tayyibah. When you declareLa ilaha illallah(their is no
deity but Allah), you give up all false deities, and profess that you
are a creature of the One God; and when you add to these
wordsMuhammad-ur-Rasulullah(Muhammad is Allah's Messenger) you confirm
and admit the Prophethood of Muhammad (blessings of Allah and peace be
upon him).
With the admission of his Prophethood it becomes obligatory that you
should believe in the divine nature and attributes of God, in His
angels, in His Revealed Books and life after death, and earnestly
follow that method of obeying God and worshipping Him which the
Prophet Muhammad (blessings of Allah and peace be upon him) has asked
us to follow.
Now let us see what code of conduct Muhammad (blessings of Allah and
peace be upon him) has taught as ordained by God Almighty. The first
and foremost things in this respect are the 'Ibadah (or worships) -
the primary duties which must be observed by each and every person
professing to belong to the Muslim community.'Ibadahis an Arabic word
derived from 'Abd (a slave) and it means submission. The concept of
'Ibadah is very wide. All your activities are 'Ibadah if they are in
accordance with the law of God and your ultimate objective is to seek
the pleasure of God. A set of formal 'Ibadah (worships) are thus on
which the edifice of Islam rests:
1.Salah (prayers)- The most fundamental and the most important of
these obligations. Salah are the prescribed daily prayers which
consist in repeating and refreshing five times a day the belief in
which you repose your faith.
2.Fasting- What prayers seek to do five times a day, fasting in the
month of Ramadhan (the ninth month of the lunar year) does once a
year. What is it that makes us voluntarily undergo hunger or thirst
from dawn to dusk? It is nothing but faith in God and the fear of Him
and the Day of Judgment. This consciousness of duty and spirit of
patience that incessant fasting during a whole month helps us
strengthen our faith.
3.Zakah- Its fundamental importance lies in the fact that it fosters
in us the quality of sacrifice and rids us of selfishness and greed.
Islam accepts within its fold only those who are ready to give away in
God's way some of their wealth willingly. Every Muslim whose finances
are above a certain specified minimum must pay 2.5% of their cash
balance annually to the deserving.
4.Hajj (pilgrimage)- Mecca today stands at the site of a house that
the Prophet Abraham (God's blessing be upon him) built for the worship
of Allah. Allah rewarded him by calling it His own House and making it
the center towards which all must face when saying prayers. He has
also made it obligatory on those who can afford it to visit this place
to perform the Hajj, at least once in a lifetime. The pilgrimage is,
in a way, the biggest of 'Ibadah. For unless a person really loves God
he would never undertake such a long journey.
The Opening Chapter, Al-Fatihah, Surah 1 (The Holy Qur'an)
In the name of Allah (God), the Beneficent, the Merciful.
1.All Praise is due to Allah (God), Lord of the worlds,
2.the Beneficient,
3.the Merciful,
4.Owner of the Day of Judgement.
5.Thee alone we worship and Thee alone we ask for help.
6.Show us the straight path,
7.the path of those whom Thou hast favoured, not (the path of) those
who earn Thine anger nor (of) those who go astray. (Ameen)

Women To Whom Marriage is Prohibited

It is permanently haram for a Muslim to marry a woman who belongs to
one of the following categories:
1.Thefather's wife, whether divorced or widowed. During the period of
jahiliyyah such marriages were allowed. Then Islam prohibited them,
for once a woman is married to a man's father she acquires the status
of his mother, and this prohibition is out of honor and respect for
the father. Moreover, as this inviolable prohibition leaves no room
for sexual attraction between the son and his step-mother, they are
able to develop a relationship of respect and honor.
2.Themother, including the grandmothers on both sides.
3.Thedaughter, including the granddaughters from the son or daughter.
4.Thesister, including the half, and step-sisters.
5.Thepaternal aunt, whether she is the real, half, or step-sister of the father.
6.Thematernal aunt, whether she is the real, half, or step-sister of the father.
7.Thebrother's daughter, i.e., his niece.
8.Thesister's daughter, i.e., her niece.
All these female blood-relatives are a man's muharramat and he is
mahrem to his corresponding female relatives. Marriage to any mahrem
whomsoever is permanently prohibited. Thereasons for this
prohibitionare as follows.
a.Entertaining any sexual thoughts concerning such close relatives as
one's mother, sister, and daughter is instinctively abhorrent to human
nature; there are even certain animals which avoid mating with such
closely-related animals. The respect a man feels for his aunts is like
the respect he has for his mother, and likewise uncles are regarded as
fathers.
b.Since the family must live together in intimacy and privacy but
without incestuous relations, the Shari'ah intends to cut at the roots
of any sexual attraction among such close relatives.
c.Since there is natural love and affection among such close blood
relatives, the intent of the Shari'ah is to expand the circle of love
and kinship by prohibiting incest and thereby directing the man's
search for women outside the family. Thus each marriage extends the
sphere of love, bringing new people within this ever-expanding network
of affection: "And He has put love and mercy between you." ( Surah 30:
Verse 21)
d.The natural sentiments of love and affection between a man and the
above-mentioned female relatives must be kept strong forever. If
marriage were permitted between such relatives, it would cause
jealousies, dissensions, and the disruption of families, destroying
the very sentiments of love and affection which give cohesiveness and
permanence to the family structure.
e.The offspring of marriages to such close blood relatives would most
probably be defective and weak. Moreover, if physical or mental
defects are present in the members of a family, they would become more
pronounced among the children of such marriages.
f.The woman needs someone to champion her rights and support her case
against her husband, especially when relations between the two of them
become strained. If those women who could defend her became rivals,
how would this be possible?
Marriages Prohibited by Reason of Fosterage
1.The foster mother: It is haram for a Muslim to marry a woman who has
suckled him during his infancy, for suckling makes her like his real
mother, since milk has gone into the making of his flesh and bones.
Nursing consciously or unconsciously produces feelings of motherhood
in a woman and of kinship in a child, and although these feelings
might seem to disappear as the child grows and becomes a man, they
remain hidden in the unconscious.
However, the prohibition of marriage based on fosterage is effective
only if the suckling occurred before the time of weaning; that is,
when milk was the primary source of food. Another condition is that
the child has suckled his fill on five separate occasions, a fill
being defined as when the child leaves off suckling of his own accord.
After a survey of all the ahadith on this subject, the fixing of five
sucklings as the minimum seems to be the preferred view.
2.Foster sisters: Just as a woman become a mother to a child by virtue
of suckling, likewise her daughters become his sisters, her sisters
his aunts, and so on. The Prophet (peace be on him) said: "What is
haram by reason of genealogy is haram by reason of fosterage."
(Reported by al-Bukhari and Muslim.) Thus the foster-sisters,
foster-aunts, and foster-nieces are all muharramat and marriage to
them is permanently prohibited.
In-law Relationships
1.Themother-in-law: Marriage to the wife's mother is permanently
prohibited from the time a man enters into a marriage contract with a
woman, whether he and his wife have engaged in sexual intercourse or
not. The act of marriage itself gives the mother-in-law the same
status as the mother.
2.Thestep-daughter: A man cannot marry his step-daughter (his wife's
daughter by a previous marriage) if sexual intercourse has taken place
with her mother, his wife. However, if a man divorces his wife without
having had intercourse with her, it is permissible for him to marry
her daughter by a previous marriage.
3.Thedaughter-in-law: That is, the wife of the real son, not that of
the adopted son. In fact, Islam abolished the permissibility of the
system of legal, formalized adoption, because this is contrary to fact
and to reality, resulting in the prohibiting of what is essentially
halal and the permitting of what is essentially haram. Allah Ta'ala
says: ...Nor has He made your sons by adoption your (real) sons. Those
are simply words from your mouths....(33:4) meaning that it is merely
an expression of the language which does not alter reality nor
transform an outsider to the family into a blood relative.
These three types of female relatives are forbidden in marriage in
order that peaceful relationships may be maintained among the in laws.
Sisters as Co-Wives
1.As opposed to the practice of the period of jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic
era), Islam forbade taking two sisters as co-wives at the same time,
because the feeling of love and sisterliness which Islam wants to
maintain between sisters would be destroyed if one sister became the
co-wife of the same husband.
While the Qur'an mentioned the two sisters, the Prophet (peace be on
him) added, "A man may not be married to a woman and her paternal aunt
(at the same time), nor to a woman and her maternal aunt". (Reported
by al-Bukhari and Muslim.) and he said, "If you do this, you will
sever your ties of kinship." (Reported by Ibn Hibban.) And how could
Islam permit the breaking of such kinship ties when it places so much
importance on them?
Married Women
1.As long as a woman is married, her marriage to any other man is
prohibited. She may marry another man only when two conditions are
fulfilled:
a.Her marriage tie is broken either because of thedeathof herhusbandor
because ofdivorce;
b.She has completed the period of waiting ('iddah) ordained by Allah.
For a pregnant woman this period ends when she delivers the baby. If
she is widowed but not pregnant, the period of 'iddah is four months
and ten days, while if she is divorced and it is not known whether or
not she is pregnant, the 'iddah is three menstrual cycles. This 'iddah
relates to the woman who has menstrual periods; for a woman who does
not menstruate, the 'iddah is three months.
Allah Ta'ala says:
"And divorced women shall wait concerning themselves for three monthly
periods. And it is not permissible for them to conceal what Allah has
created in their wombs, if they believe in Allah and the Last Day." (
Surah 2: Verse 228)
"...and As for those who have no further expectation of menstruation
among your women, if you are in doubt, the waiting period is three
months, as well as for those who have no menses. And for those who are
pregnant, their period is until they deliver their burdens." ( Surah
65: Verse 4)
And, "For those of you who die and leave behind widows, they shall
wait concerning themselves for four months and ten days..." ( Surah 2:
Verse 234).
Of thesefifteencategories of female relatives to whom marriage is
prohibited,fourteen are mentioned in Surah al-Nisa:
"And do not marry those women whom your fathers married, except what
is past; indeed, it was an indecency and an abomination, and an evil
path. Forbidden to you are your mothers and your daughters, and your
sisters and your father's sisters and your mother's sisters, and your
brothers' daughters and your sisters' daughters, and your foster
mothers and your foster sisters, your wives' mothers, your
stepdaughters under your guardianship born of your wives to whom you
have gone in—and if you have not gone into them there is no blame on
you—and the wives of your sons proceeding from your loins, and that
you should marry two sisters at one time, except what is past; indeed
Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." ( Surah 4: Verses 22-23)
The prohibition against being married to a woman and any of her aunts
at the same time is derived from the hadith cited above.

Women Site, - Belief in the Heavenly Books - I

In the cave of Hiraa' and away from people, Jibreel )Gabriel( came
down to our Prophet Muhammad, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, while he
was worshiping Allaah The Almighty The One Who Has no partner and said
to him: "Recite." Muhammad, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, said, "I
cannot recite,". Jibreel pressed him hard and repeated the order
'Recite.' 'I cannot recite' said he trembling and terrified, and once
again he pressed him hard and said: 'Recite.' Again he answered while
shaking and trembling 'I cannot recite.' Jibreel held him for the
third time then released him and said:}Recite in the name of your Lord
who created.{]Quran 96: 1[
Then this situation comes to an end and Jibreel disappears. Muhammad
hurries back home, trembling and sweating profusely. He enters upon
his wife Khadeejah and says to her:Cover me, cover me.]Al-Bukhari[ She
covers him with wool covers, and wipes the sweat from his forehead.
The Will of Allaah The Almighty has been fulfilled and the seal
prophet on earth was chosen to convey the call of Allaah The Almighty
to His slaves. The verse mentioned above was the first verse that
Allaah The Almighty revealed to His Messenger from the Noble Quran
which is the book that Allaah The Almighty chose to be the
ever-lasting miracle and clear argument with the seal of the Prophets.
This book is not the only book that Allaah The Almighty has sent down;
rather, there are other books such as Tawraah )Torah( Injeel )Gospel(,
Zaboor )Psalms(, and Suhuf )Scriptures(.
The Muslim individual believes in all books that Allaah The Almighty
revealed to His Prophets and Messengers in much the same way as he
believes in the Noble Quran which Allaah The Almighty revealed to
Muhammad, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam. Allaah The Almighty mentioned
some of these books in the Noble Quran and did not mention some
others. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}Mankind was ]of[ one
religion ]before their deviation[; then Allaah sent the prophets as
bringers of good tidings and warners and sent down with them the
Scripture in truth to judge between the people concerning that in
which they differed. And none differed over the Scripture except those
who were given it - after the clear proofs came to them - out of
jealous animosity among themselves. And Allaah guided those who
believed to the truth concerning that over which they had
differed.{]Quran 2: 213[
Amongst the books that Allaah The Almighty mentioned in the Noble Quran are:
1. The Scriptures of Ibraaheem )Abraham( and Moosa )Moses(, may Allaah
exalt their mention:
They are the Scriptures that Allaah The Almighty sent down to
Ibraaheem and Musa, may Allaah exalt their mention. Allaah The
Almighty Says )what means(:
•}Or has he not been informed of what was in the scriptures of Moses.
And ]of[ Abraham, who fulfilled ]his obligations[{]Quran 53: 36-37[
•}Indeed, this is in the former scriptures, The scriptures of Abraham
and Moses{]Quran 87: 18-19[
Abu Tharr, may Allaah be pleased with him, said: I said: O Messenger
of Allaah! How were the Scriptures of Ibraaheem, may Allaah exalt his
mention? He said: They were full of examples; O Arrogant tested
domineering king! I have not sent you to collect the vain gains of
this world, but rather I sent you to respond to the supplication of
the wronged person on my behalf for I never reject it even if it is
from a disbeliever. Every sane person must – as long as his mind is
not absent - take time to invoke his lord, time to bring himself to
account, time to contemplate the creation of Allaah The Almighty, and
time to seek his needs from food and drinking.
Every sane person must not move except for three things: preparing the
provision for the appointed time, improving his life and enjoying a
lawful pleasure. Also, every sane person must be mindful of his time,
must look after his affairs and protect his tongue )from obscene
speech(. Whoever thinks of his speech as part of his deeds, he will
not speak except in what is beneficial for him.
Then I said: O Messenger of Allaah! How were the Scriptures of Moosa
)Moses(, may Allaah exalt his mention? He said: "They were full of
wisdoms: I am amazed at the one who is certain of death and then he
feels happy. I am amazed at the one who is certain of Hell and then he
laughs. I am amazed at the one who is certain of preordainance and
then he exhausts himself. I am amazed at the one who has seen the
world and how the fortunes of its people change and then he feels
reassured. I am amazed at the one who is certain of Reckoning tomorrow
and then he does not work."
2. Tawraah )Torah(
It is the book that Allaah The Almighty revealed to Moosa )Moses(, may
Allaah exalt his mention, and ordered the prophets who came after him
to establish and fulfill its rulings, for Allaah The Almighty sent
them and did not send any books with them; rather, He made Tawraah
their book and religion. Allaah The Almighty Says )what
means(:}Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and
light. The prophets who submitted ]to Allaah [ judged by it for the
Jews, as did the rabbis and scholars by that with which they were
entrusted of the Scripture of Allaah , and they were witnesses
thereto.{]Quran 5: 44[ Allaah The Almighty called he Tawraah
"Al-Furqaan" in the Noble Quran.
3. Az-Zaboor )Psalms(
It is one of the heavenly books. Allaah The Almighty revealed it to
Daawood )David(, may Allaah exalt his mention. Allaah The Almighty
Says )what means(:}And to David We gave the book ]of Psalms[.{]Quran
17: 55[ Daawood, may Allaah exalt his mention, used to read a great
deal in Az-Zaboor which the Messenger of Allaah, sallallaahu 'alayhi
wa sallam, named Quran because of its similarity to the Noble Quran in
their miraculousness. He, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, said:"The
reciting of the Zaboor )i.e. Psalms( was made easy for Daawood. He
used to order that his riding animals be saddled, and would finish
reciting the Zaboor before they were saddled. And he would never eat
except from the earnings of his manual work."]Al-Bukhaari[
Allaah The Almighty sent down in Az-Zaboor precious wisdoms and
praises of Him. Allaah The Almighty did not reveal in it any rulings
of the permissible and prohibited actions for they were enjoined to
take their rulings from the Tawraah.
4. Injeel )Gospel(
Allaah The Almighty revealed it to 'Eesa )Jesus(, may Allaah exalt his
mention. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:
•}And We sent, following in their footsteps, Jesus, the son of Mary,
confirming that which came before him in the Torah; and We gave him
the Gospel, in which was guidance and light and confirming that which
preceded it of the Torah as guidance and instruction for the
righteous.{]Quran 5: 46[
•}Then We sent following their footsteps Our messengers and followed
]them[ with Jesus, the son of Mary, and gave him the Gospel{]Quran 57:
27[
Wisdom behind revealing Books
The Muslim individual believes that these books were revealed by
Allaah The Almighty. They called to At-Tawheed )monotheism( and to
associating nothing with Him. Allaah The Almighty Says )what
means(:}And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, ]saying[,
"Worship Allaah and avoid Taghut.{]Quran 16: 36[
The Muslim believes that the wisdom behind revealing books is to guide
human beings to the straight path of Allaah The Almighty, eliminate
disagreement and discord from among them, bear for them the glad
tidings of the pleasure of Allaah The Almighty if they obeyed Him and
warn them against His punishment if the disobeyed Him; and that the
heavenly books – other than the Noble Quran – have not remained in
their original state in which Allaah The Almighty sent them down;
rather, they were exposed to alteration and distortion and the words
of humans have mingled with the Words of Allaah The Almighty in them.
Forms of the distortion of the Divinly Revealed Books
Distortion of the divinely revealed books took different forms. The
Noble Quran mentioned some of them such as:
1- Hiding some verses, Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}O People
of the Scripture, there has come to you Our Messenger making clear to
you much of what you used to conceal of the Scripture and overlooking
much.{]Quran 5: 15[
2- Misinterpretation of the intended meanings of the verses, Allaah
The Almighty Says )what means(:}And indeed, there is among them a
party who alter the Scripture with their tongues so you may think it
is from the Scripture, but it is not from the Scripture. And they say,
"This is from Allaah," but it is not from Allaah. And they speak
untruth about Allaah while they know.{]Quran 3: 78[
3- Displacing verses from their original places. Allaah The Almighty
Says )what means(:}Among the Jews are those who distort words from
their ]proper[ usages and say, "We hear and disobey.{]Quran 4: 46[
4- Adding what is not from the Book to it; Allaah The Almighty Says
)what means(:}And among them are unlettered ones who do not know the
Scripture except in wishful thinking, but they are only assuming. So
woe to those who write the "scripture" with their own hands, then say,
"This is from Allaah ," in order to exchange it for a small price. Woe
to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what
they earn.{]Quran 2: 78-79[
Distortion of the Tawraah )Torah(
Belief in the Tawraah that Allaah The Almighty revealed to Moosa, may
Allaah exalt his mention, is one of the main pillars of the religion
of Islam. Muslims believe that it included all goodness, called for
the worship of Allaah Alone and it was a light and guidance. Allaah
The Almighty Says )what means(:}Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in
which was guidance and light.{]Quran 5: 44[
However, the Tawraah that was revealed to Moosa, may Allaah exalt his
mention, does not exist anymore in its original state. The claimed
Tawraah of nowadays was written by many writers and in different
times. It was distorted and altered.
Amongst the material proofs of its distortion is that the Tawraah that
is in the hands of Christians is different from the one that is in the
hands of Jews. The Noble Quran recorded that distortion and rebuked
the Jews for their distortion and alteration of the Tawraah. Allaah
The Almighty Says )what means(:}Do you covet ]the hope, O believers[,
that they would believe for you while a party of them used to hear the
words of Allaah and then distort the Torah after they had understood
it while they were knowing?{]Quran 2: 75[
They had the nerve to distort and alter the Book of Allaah The
Almighty to hide the truth that it contained and all that can prove
the prophethood of Muhammad, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, although
they knew him well. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}Those to
whom We gave the Scripture know him as they know their own sons. But
indeed, a party of them conceal the truth while they know ]it[.{]Quran
2: 146[ Though they knew him well, they did not believe in him and
were too arrogant to do so. Allaah The Almighty Says )what
means(:}Among the Jews are those who distort words from their ]proper[
usages.{]Quran 4: 46[
Amongst the evidences that prove the distortion of the current Tawraah
are the descriptions mentioned in it which do not befit the Majesty
and Perfection of Allaah The Almighty such as: And the LORD God said,
Behold, the man has become as one of us, to know good and evil."
]Genesis 3: 22[ and "And it repented the LORD that he had made man on
the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. ]Genesis 6: 6[."
Can these be the Words of Allaah The Almighty? Can grief and regret be
attributed to Allaah The Almighty? In fact, such malicious claims
entail that Allaah The Almighty did not have knowledge of the results
of His actions. No, Allaah The Almighty is high above any defect and
shortcoming. Allaah The Almighty has comprehensive knowledge that
encompasses everything. Exalted is He and high above what they say by
great sublimity.
Another proof of the distortion of the current Tawraah is what is
mentioned in it of describing prophets in a way that negates the
infallibility that Allaah The Almighty granted them. They mentioned
that Ibraaheem )Abraham( is a liar, that Haroon )Aaron( called Banu
Israa'eel )Children of Israel( to worship the Calf, and that Sulaymaan
)Solomon( worshiped idols to please his wife. Can any human being who
has a sound mind say such words; let alone being revealed by Allaah
The Almighty to guide humans with it?

Women Site, - Belief in the Heavenly Books - II

Distortion of the Injeel )Gospel(
The Injeel was also distorted and altered and is not in its original
state in which Allaah The Almighty revealed it. Christians contintued
altering and changing its facts so as to attain their desired worldly
gains.
The distortion of the current versions of the Injeel can simply be
proved if we know that they are four versions of the Injeel selected
from many more versions. Such versions reported the words of Prophet
'Eesa, may Allaah exalt his mention. Their writers are known and their
names are written on them. In the library of one of the princes in
Paris, a version of the Injeel – Injeel )Gospel( of Barnabas - was
found. It differed greatly from the other four selected versions of
the Injeel and agreed with the Noble Quran in many beliefs and
principles.
After we have known for certain that those books have been distorted,
then what is the meaning that the Noble Quran came to confirm in the
divine books that preceded it? This simply means that the Noble Quran
came to enhance and support the truth which was mentioned in the books
that came before it, mainly worshiping Allaah The Almighty Alone,
believing in His Messengers, believing in the reward, observing rights
and justice, enjoining good and forbidding evil, and adhering to noble
moral standards. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}Say, "O People
of the Scripture, you are ]standing[ on nothing until you uphold ]the
law of[ the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from
your Lord."{]Quran 5: 68[
Consequently, the Quran is the only way with which we can know the
sound divine teachings. It is the book whose fundamental principles
are preserved, its teachings are not distorted, and the Ummah received
it from the angel who brings down the Revelation to the Messengers -
Jibreel, may Allaah exalt his mention - who came down to the
Messenger, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam. This preservation was not
granted to any book other than the Noble Quran. In fact, the Quran
comprises the most sublime principles, methods and systems. It has all
that humans need of beliefs, acts of worship, morals, and
transactions. It befits all times and places. It is sufficient to
create a Muslim individual, a virtuous family and a righteous society.
Truthful is the one who speaks with it. Just is the one who passes
judgment according to it. Guided to the right path is the one who
adheres to its teachings. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}There
has come to you from Allaah a light and a clear Book. By which Allaah
guides those who pursue His pleasure to the ways of peace and brings
them out from darknesses into the light, by His permission, and guides
them to a straight path.{]Quran 5: 15-16[
The Previous Divinely Revealed Books Were not Universal
The books that Allaah The Almighty revealed, other than the Quran,
addressed certain people in certain times and they agreed with the
Noble Quran in some rulings and laws. Allaah The Almighty Says )what
means(:}And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for
an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and
for wounds is legal retribution.{]Quran 5: 45[
Muslims believe in what is mentioned in these books as long as it does
not contradict with the Quran. They also believe that the Noble Quran
is the main constitution for all people.
Characteristics of the Noble Quran
The Noble Quran has many characteristics that distinguish it from the
books that came before it. Amongst such characteristics are:
• It has all the divine instructions that Allaah The Almighty revealed
in the Tawraah, the Injeel, and all the teachings that Allaah The
Almighty revealed.
• It supports the truth which was mentioned in these books regarding
worshiping Allaah The Almighty Alone, believing in His Messengers,
believing in reward, observing and establishing rights, enjoining good
and forbidding evil, and adhering to noble moral standards. Allaah The
Almighty Says )what means(:}And We have revealed to you, ]O Muhammad[,
the Book in truth, confirming that which preceded it of the Scripture
and as a criterion over it. So judge between them by what Allaah has
revealed and do not follow their inclinations away from what has come
to you of the truth. To each of you We prescribed a law and a
method.{]Quran 5: 48[
That is to say, Allaah The Almighty revealed the Noble Quran which is
truthful in all that is mentioned in it and it confirms the preceding
Scriptures that were revealed by Allaah The Almighty. It is a witness
over them. It explains the distortion and alteration that inflicted
them. Then Allaah The Almighty ordered His Prophet, sallallaahu
'alayhi wa sallam, to judge between all people, Muslims and
non-Muslims, by what Allaah The Almighty has revealed in the Noble
Quran and not to follow them in disobeying Allaah The Almighty.
• Allaah The Almighty prescribed a law for every nation with its
rulings and different interactions that befit its nature and
inclinations in the best way. The main pillars of creeds are the same
in all messages. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}He has
ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah and that which
We have revealed to you, ]O Muhammad[, and what We enjoined upon
Abraham and Moses and Jesus - to establish the religion and not be
divided therein.{]Quran 42: 13[
Then when Islam came, it abrogated all other laws and methods. It
established only one creed and method for all people.
• The original versions of the books that were revealed before the
Quran were lost. Nothing remained of them except their translations,
unlike the Noble Quran which was preserved as a whole with its
Soorahs, verses, words, and letters exactly as Jibreel, may Allaah
exalt his mention, recited it to the Messenger of Allaah, sallallaahu
'alayhi wa sallam. In the previous books, the words of humans were
mixed with the Words of Allaah The Almighty. No one can recognize the
words of Allaah The Almighty from those of humans. As for the Noble
Quran, all of its words are from Allaah The Almighty and they were
never mixed with the Hadeeths of the Messenger or the speeches of the
companions or any other person.
• None of those books can in any way be attributed to the Messenger to
whom it was revealed. The Tawraah )Torah( was not written by Moosa
)Moses(. In fact, it was written many centuries after Moosa. The Noble
Quran is the only book that was proved to be decisively attributed to
the Messenger, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, )even if he did not
write it down himself, for he ordered the writers of the revelation to
record every verse immediately after it was revealed to him(.
• The teachings of the Noble Quran are the Words of Allaah The
Almighty that can achieve happiness to all humanity. So Allaah The
Almighty Willed for it to last forever. He preserved and protected it
from distortion. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:
•}And indeed, it is a mighty Book Falsehood cannot approach it from
before it or from behind it; ]it is[ a revelation from a ]Lord who is[
Wise and Praiseworthy.{]Quran 41: 41-42[
•}Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its
guardian{]Quran 15: 9[
The wisdom behind that is to make the Quran the argument of Allaah The
Almighty over people. The Quran is for all worlds and all people. It
is not for a specific people unlike the previous heavenly books.
Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}And We have not sent you except
comprehensively to mankind as a bringer of good tidings and a
warner.{]Quran 34: 28[
• The Quran is the guidance that leads to all that is good. Allaah The
Almighty Says )what means(:}Alif, Lam, Meem. This is the Book about
which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of
Allaah{]Quran 2: 1-2[ Allaah The Almighty wants His word to spread and
reach minds and ears everywhere. This will not be attained except if
the Quran is easy to memorize and understand. Nothing in the Quran is
difficult for people to understand or fulfill. Allaah The Almighty
Says )what means(:}And We have certainly made the Quran easy for
remembrance, so is there any who will remember?{]Quran 54: 17[
• The Quran is also the miracle of the Messenger, sallallaahu 'alayhi
wa sallam. In fact, if the whole world gathered in order to produce
something like what is mentioned in the Quran, they could not produce
the like of it for it is as Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}And
indeed, it is a mighty Book. Falsehood cannot approach it from before
it or from behind it; ]it is[ a revelation from a ]Lord who is[ Wise
and Praiseworthy.{]Quran 41: 41-42[
• The Quran is an invitation to every good matter and forbids every
vice. Allaah The Almighty Says )what means(:}O mankind, there has come
to you instruction from your Lord and healing for what is in the
breasts.{]Quran 10: 57[
• The Quran is a cure for souls. It purifies them from their diseases.
It is a remedy from disbelief, misguidance, hatred and envy. Allaah
The Almighty Says )what means(:}And We send down of the Quran that
which is healing and mercy for the believers, but it does not increase
the wrongdoers except in loss.{]Quran 17: 82[

Women Site, - Hardness of Heart

The hard heart is that which contains a mixture of harshness and
toughness; a heart that is void of submission and the sense of turning
to Allah The Exalted in repentance at all times. This is the severest
punishment ever. This is why the disbelievers are punished with having
a hard and harsh heart.
Maalik ibn Deenaar, May Allah Have mercy upon him, said in this
regard, "Allah The Almighty Punishes the wrongdoers in their hearts
and bodies as well. They are punished with a hard and miserable life
and laziness and indolence in carrying out acts of worship.
However, there is no punishment that is severer than having a hard
heart." ]Hilyat Al-Awliyaa'[
Furthermore, Imaam Al-Mar'ashi, May Allah Have mercy upon him,
stressed the same meaning saying, "No one was afflicted by a severer
calamity than having a hard heart." ]Hilyat Al-Awliyaa'[
Dear readers, let us ponder over what Allah The Exalted Says )which
means(:}Then your hearts became hardened after that, being like stones
or even harder. For indeed, there are stones from which rivers burst
forth, and there are some of them that split open and water comes out,
and there are some of them that fall down for fear of Allah. And Allah
Is not unaware of what you do.{]Quran 2:74[
This verse refers to the story of the children of Israel and the
miracle of reviving the murdered man and to all the examples, warnings
and adversities that had befallen the Children of Israel. Those Divine
Miracles would cause huge mountains to shake and solid rocks to
dissolve! Actually, it was worthier of their hearts to be softened by
such amazing miracles, yet they did not. Allah The Exalted Clarified
that their hearts had become more of rocks and even worse in hardness
due to the fact that they rejected Imaan after knowing and
understanding the requirements of attaining Imaan and its conditions.
Hence, these hearts were like rocks and even worse in hardness.
Indeed, rocks are a good example that people use to indicate hardness.
Yet, Allah The Exalted Excluded some rocks from that absolute
hardness, but Did not Exclude the hearts of the children of Israel.
Allah The Exalted Says )what means(:}For indeed, there are stones from
which rivers burst forth, and there are some of them that split open
and water comes out, and there are some of them that fall down for
fear of Allah.{]Quran 2:74[
Let us reflect on this description of the one who has a hard heart.
Allah The Exalted Says )what means(:}… and his sin has encompassed
him…{]Quran 2:81[
This means that his sins and wrongdoings have encompassed him totally
from all sides until he was surrounded with his own sins and
wrongdoings from all directions. These sins and wrongdoings worked as
a separator that detached him from all that is around him. Undeniably,
this is clearly evident when a sinner does not repent of his sin, he
is tempted to commit it more and more. This incites him to preoccupy
himself exclusively and be wholly taken up with committing such sins
and even graver sins and wrongdoings.
Hence, sins subdue and overwhelm such a person totally and take hold
of his heart entirely. Accordingly, he becomes inherently inclined to
committing sins, liking and loving them, believing that this is the
ultimate and optimal way to relish happiness and pleasure, disliking
all who would come on his way in attaining that fake happiness and
joy, and disbelieving anyone who would advise him to avoid such sins.
Allah The Exalted Says )what means(:}Then the end of those who did
evil was the worst ]consequence[ because they denied the Signs of
Allah and used to ridicule them.{]Quran 30:10[
Regrettably, this man's sins become like a thick tent that screen
everything around him. He no longer senses or thinks of the fact that
Allah The Exalted Sees him all the time. He loses sight of the
enduring pleasures in Paradise, the promised and anticipated
punishment in Hellfire, the evil schemes of the devil that are all set
to mislead Mankind, and the pity of the kind angels. Such a sinner
fails to notice all these facts while being wholly lost in his sins
and wrongdoings. The Prophet, sallAllahu 'alayhi wa sallam, said:"When
an adulterer commits illegal sexual intercourse, then he is not a
believer at the time he is doing it, and when a drinker of an
alcoholic liquor drinks it, he is not a believer at the time of
drinking it, and when a thief steals, he is not a believer at the time
of stealing, and when a robber robs, and the people look at him, he is
not a believer at the time of doing robbery."]Al-Bukhari[

Women Site, - The Nearest Way to a Man’s Heart

Women are fed up with talk about the husband's rights and would
probably cry, "Are there no rights for the wives? Why do you always
talk about the rights of the husband? Where are the rights of the
wife?" In light of the noble verse )what means(:}The believing men and
believing women are allies of one another{]Quran 9:71[, allow me, dear
sisters, to advise you.
I hope that women will not consider my words as a speech about the
husband's rights. Rather, they should consider it as advice from a
Muslim brother to his sister. A brother who knows that his married
sister frequently hears about the rights of her husband, her
negligence and her duties, and who knows that she has great rights
over her husband which, if she does not take in this worldly life,
will take in the Hereafter where she will be in dire need of them. He
also knows that she is helpless, targeted and oppressed and that she
suffers from the enemies' evil schemes to destroy her and from her
husband who does not understand anything about marriage except his
rights and her duties, or he does not want to understand anything
other than this own side. This husband does not see her favor, let
alone her rights. The wife might feel great love for her husband and
be strongly attached to him, yet he divorces her while he knows how
she feels. She might absolutely hate him and tell him that but he
forces her to stay with him while he knows how she feels. The wife
might be satisfied with what little the husband might give, but he
does not give her anything at all. There are many kinds of husbands
who cause men to praise Allaah The Almighty day and night that they
were not the wives of any of them. May Allaah help such wives and
render them patient, for their patience cannot be achieved except by
the Help of Allaah.
Our talk here is about a very specific point that has a great effect
on the continuation of the marriage relationship as well as the family
and the success of the wife. We shall talk about the case when the
wife wants her husband, or at least is satisfied with him in times of
agreement. Otherwise, for every session there is a different
discussion.
At the outset, we say that when the woman accepted the man who
proposed to her to be her husband, she did not want him to be a
temporary husband. She was not ready to lose him for any reason. She
did not want to live with him only to test his endurance and patience,
and then surprise him with something that he may or may not be able to
endure. She did not want to compete with him in achieving dignity and
proving who is the most honorable. She did not want him to fulfill her
dreams as conveyed by the corrupters on earth who call him a
"playboy." She did not want to imprison him as they describe marriage
to be a "golden cage." She did not want the honeymoon to last for only
one month and then suffer from bitterness after the honeymoon as the
enemies claim. She did not want, by any means, anything that could
lead them to separate. Rather, when she accepted him, she wanted him
to preserve her as much as he can, and she was absolutely ready to
preserve him as much as she can, regardless of what he does, except
what cannot be endured, and she will be rewarded by Allaah The
Almighty. Doing this is equal to all the acts of worship that men have
been favored with, like pilgrimage,Jihaad, congregational prayer,
attending funerals and so on.
On the basis of this will and approach, we talk to our married sister
out of our sympathy with her if she is divorced and out of happiness
for her if she returns to her husband. Sisters, let us come to a word
that is equitable between us. As for those whose will was not like
what we mentioned above when she accepted marriage, our speech is not
directed to her, and}For each ]religious following[ is a direction
toward which it faces.{]Quran 2:148[.
As for the wife whose will is to preserve her husband and her home as
much as she can, let her listen, obey and then enjoy the glad tidings
of the worldly life and the Hereafter through listening to what the
most knowledgeable and kindest man, the Prophet,sallallaahu 'alayhi wa
sallam, who knew best her interest, said. A man does not want his wife
to be his friend and partner as the corrupters propagate. Rather, he
wants her to be an obedient wife. The most successful woman to win the
man's heart and to live a long life with him is not the most beautiful
one, as the non-married, lustful and inexperienced people think. She
is not the richest one as the poor and greedy people think. Rather,
she is the one who knows that wives with their husbands are exactly
like the boon companions of the king. If the husband is not a king or
like a king in his home and with his wife, what do you want him to be?
Do you want him to be a servant, brother or a partner as they claim?
If he is not a king or like a king in his home and with his wife,
should he seek to be so with his bosses or friends? If the wife is not
like the boon companion of the king with her husband, what should she
be? Should she be with him like the queen, giving him from herself
great things or should she be like the boon companion of the king with
her sisters and friends?
The husband is the most entitled to her giving, the most beneficial to
her, the closest one to her and the most entitled to have what he
wants from her if she knows. Hence, the Prophet,sallallaahu 'alayhi wa
sallam, said:"If I were to order someone to prostrate to another, I
would order the wife to prostrate to her husband for his great right
over her."The wife gives her husband her self, body and honor, with
satisfaction and pleasure, and does not give any of these to anyone
else. Therefore, how could she consider what is far less than this to
be so much for him? Many beautiful wives lost their homes and
husbands, while they love each other because they failed to be like
the king's boon companions, and did not make them feel so in a nice
and obvious way without any indication of boredom.
On the other hand, many young women who were not so beautiful or who
were even quite unattractive managed to implant in her husband's heart
their love until they became their dearest beloved, and their husbands
could not dispense with them. This is what some people call "the
beauty of the spirit" and the details of this are very long; however,
the general and main idea lies in the aforementioned description:
"boon companions of the king." This is most needed when there are
signs of disagreement between the spouses. Hence, the clever and
truthful wife should avoid arousing her husband's anger and
disagreeing with him. She should know that many men become angry and
appeased, and that her husband is not that smart, wise, forbearing
man; thus, she should calmly win him over, regardless of what she
gives, and she will be greatly rewarded, Allaah willing. Then, she
would make him feel ashamed of himself as Asmaa' bint Khaarijah, may
Allaah have mercy upon her, said to her daughter,"Be a maid to him
]meaning, her husband[ and, he will be a slave to you."She should not
disturb him with her frequent mistakes because he is more important to
her than anything that they disagree about, and disagreement plants
hatred in the hearts.
By the permission of Allaah The Almighty, this is the nearest way to
the heart of a man, not his stomach as they claim. However, women are
overcome by their natures except those whom Allaah grants His Mercy.
We supplicate Allaah to guide our sisters to preserve their husbands
and homes, and grant them a good intention behind this, so that their
actions would raise their degrees in Paradise. I hope that those who
are bored with their husbands and about talking about their rights and
the wives' duties are not annoyed. Our purpose is to preserve the
homes and families, and to lead them to the land of safety. Let the
wives take the initiative, and they will reap the fruit in the worldly
life and the Hereafter, Allaah willing.

Fwd: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Google Scholar Alerts <scholaralerts-noreply@google.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2013 22:22:27 +0000
Subject: Scholar Alert - [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]
To: aydnajimudeen@gmail.com

Scholar Alert: [ Hipertention, Diabetic foot syndrome ]

[PDF] Comorbidities associated with Egyptian diabetic foot disease subtypes
MN Rizk, AI Ameen - 2013
... In addition, nephropathy is associated with the development of
hypertension and dyslipidemia,
both well ... Moreover, patients at all stages of diabetic nephropathy
are at a particularly high risk ...
In addition, diabetes is the most significant risk factor for foot
amputation among patients ...

Peripheral Neuropathy in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 and
Type 2 Diabetes From the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Follow-Up Cohort
A pilot study
M Jaiswal, A Lauer, CL Martin, RA Bell, J Divers… - Diabetes Care, 2013
... estab- lished that low HDL cholesterol is associ- ated with
prevalent polyneuropathy (20) and
that hypertension and smoking ... 95% CI for factors associated with
DPN from multiple logistic
regression analysis: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth diabetic
peripheral neuropathy ...

Early and Midterm Outcomes of Percutaneous Treatment of Symtomatic
Stenosis of Lower Extremity and Chronic Limb Ischemia
S Arslan, IO Yuksel, E Koklu, G Cagırcı… - Journal of the American …, 2013
... Especially in chronic limb ischemia and foot ulcers, diabetic
patients with inoperable, there is
growing interest below the knee interventions ... 7 patients with
diabetes and foot wounds that never
heal, healed wounds were observed during follow-up after the ...
Hypertension (%), 70,7. ...

The Best Darn Hypothyroidism Ebook: Studies on the Underactive Thyroid Gland
JM Lowrance - 2013

Current efficacy of open and endovascular interventions for advanced
superficial femoral artery occlusive disease
CJ Smolock, JE Anaya-Ayala, Y Kaufman, CS Bavare… - Journal of
Vascular Surgery, 2013
... and hypercoagulability (Table I). However, there was a significant
difference between the groups
regarding hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome,
cerebrovascular disease,
transient ischemic attack/cerebrovascular accident, and hypothyroidism
(Table I ...

Transpedal access after failed anterograde recanalization of complex
below‐the‐knee and femoropoliteal occlusions in critical limb ischemia
Z Ruzsa, B Nemes, Z Bánsághi, K Tóth, F Kuti… - Catheterization and …, 2013
... n (%) Demographic data Age (year) 68 +/-17 Male 35 (69)
Hypertension 49 (96) Dyslipidemia
33 (64) Smokers 27 (53) Diabetes mellitus 34 (66) Severe obesity 9
(17) Cardiac history Previous
MI 6 (11) ... 32 (65) 1 (0) Wagner classification in diabetic leg
syndrome n=26 (48%) 0 ...

Risk-assessment score for screening diabetes mellitus among Omani adults
MS D'Souza, A Amirtharaj, R Venkatesaperumal… - SAGE Open Medicine, 2013
... Middle East was high (21.4%), with significant predictors like
age, hypertension, obesity/WC ...
prevention of diabetes, early screening and detection of pre-diabetes
population. ... individualized
tailored programme to deliver important information (diet, exercise,
foot care, medications ...

[PDF] Childhood Hypertension: A Review
A Banker, M Gupta-Malhotra, P Syamasundar Rao - J Hypertens, 2013
... For example, in coarctation of the aorta, beta-blockade is
preferred since hypertension tends
to persist after ... In order to help prevent or delay the progression
of diabetic nephropathy and
decrease albuminuria, adolescents with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
mellitus should be ...

Non–Laboratory-Based Risk Assessment Algorithm for Undiagnosed Type 2
Diabetes Developed on a Nation-Wide Diabetes Survey
X Zhou, Q Qiao, L Ji, F Ning, W Yang, J Weng, Z Shan… - Diabetes Care, 2013
... Hypertension was defined as self-report of hypertension diagnosed
by a doctor or on ... in a
first-degree relative (parents, siblings, and offspring) was
considered a family history of diabetes. ...
that had been calibrated before using and with subjects standing with
bare feet and light ...

[HTML] Renal prognosis a long time after renal biopsy on patients with
diabetic nephropathy
K Mise, J Hoshino, Y Ubara, K Sumida, R Hiramatsu… - Nephrology Dialysis …, 2013
... The reason for the low rate of ACE-I or ARB use in class I was
that fewer patients had hypertension
in this class than in other classes, as indicated by the average
systolic ... Histological predictors for
renal prognosis in diabetic nephropathy in diabetes mellitus type 2 ...

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Dought & clear, - Some of the signs of puberty appeared in her daughters at the age of six; what should she do?

I have been blessed with 2 healthy daughters. When my older daughter
was 5 she started getting hair under her arm by the age she was 6 they
were full pubic hair and by the age she was 7 she began getting breast
buds, she is now 8. My younger daughter had vaginal hair from age 3
now she is 6 also has hair under arms. My question is does this mean
that my children have reached puberty and now will be judged for their
actions. They are still very small and dont understand understand
anything. this has me very upset.
Praise be to Allah.
Puberty is recognised by signs that have been defined by the scholars,
one of which is the growth of hair in certain places on the body.
The hair which signals puberty is the pubic hair that grows around the
penis in males and the vulva in females. With regard to armpit hair,
the beard and moustache, the growth of any of these does not signal
puberty. Moreover, it is not just any hair growing in the pubic region
that signals puberty; rather what counts in this case is that the hair
should be coarse and need to be shaved with a razor and the like. In
the case of fine hair that does not need to be shaved, this does not
signal puberty.
Please see the answers to questions no. 138738, 192334and 175405for
more details on this matter.
If any of the signs of puberty have appeared in your daughters, as
mentioned above, then this means that whoever has these signs appear
in her body has reached the age of accountability and responsibility.
There is no negative impact for you or your daughters, in sha Allah;
rather this is something that Allah has decreed for them, and we have
to cope with it by adhering to the limits set by Allah, not
transgressing them, and by respecting them. What you have to do is
raise your daughters in that manner, and pay attention to them, advise
them, teach them and ask Allah to protect them from error and not to
burden them with more than they can bear. You will be rewarded for all
of that, in sha Allah.
However it is very possible that there is some kind of imbalance in
their hormones or glands that has led to this, because the appearance
of these signs at an early age gives rise to concern. Hence we advise
you to take your daughters to a specialist doctor, because perhaps
they need medical attention.
May Allah help you and protect your daughters, and cause them to grow
up well and strong, and may He help you to give them a good Islamic
upbringing.
And Allah knows best.

Dought & clear, - A woman walked in front of our row when we were praying in jamaa’ah.

A sister walked in front of a row of sisters praying behind the imaam.
(There were only a few of us in the row and the sister walked so
quickly that we could not stop her before she took her place in
line.)I understand that three things invalidate the prayer if they
pass between the praying person and the sutra, which are the donkey,
black dog, and a woman . How should we start our prayer again and
still follow the imaam ?
Praise be to Allaah.
With regard to the idea that a person's prayer is invalidated if a
woman, donkey or black dog passes in front of him, this is correct.
It was reported from 'Abd-Allaah ibn al-Saamit that Abu Dharr said:
"The Messenger of Allaah(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
said: 'If any one of you stands up to pray, then he has a sutrah [an
item placed in front of a praying person as a "screen"] if he has
something the height of the back of a saddle in front of him. If he
does not have something the height of the back of a saddle in front of
him, then his prayer is invalidated if a donkey or a woman or a black
dog passes in front of him.'" I ['Abd-Allaah] asked, "O Abu Dharr,
what is the difference between a black dog and a red or yellow dog?"
He said, "O son of my brother, I asked the Messenger of Allaah(peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) the same question, and he said,
'The black dog is a shaytaan (devil).'"(Narrated by Muslim, 510).
The height of the back of a saddle is one cubit or 2/3 of a cubit.
But this ruling applies only when one of these three pass in front of
the imaam or a person who is praying on his own, not when they pass
between the rows of a congregation praying behind the imaam during
prayer in jamaa'ah, as the sister who asked the question thinks.
The evidence for that is the report in which 'Abd-Allaah ibn 'Abbaas
said: "I came along riding on a female donkey one day when I had just
reached the age of puberty. The Messenger of Allaah(peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) was leading the people in prayer in
Mina, without any kind of wall in front of him. I passed in front of
part of the row, then I got down and sent the donkey to graze, and
joined the row, and no one rebuked me for that."(Narrated by
al-Bukhaari, 472; Muslim, 504)
Imaam al-Bukhaari gave this hadeeth the heading of "Sutrat al-Imaam
sutrat man khalfahu(the sutrah of the imaam is the sutrah of those
behind him)." This hadeeth clearly proves our point, which is that the
person who is praying behind the imaam does not have to have a sutrah,
and it does not matter what passes in front of him, especially since
Ibn 'Abbaas passed in front of them with his donkey, which is one of
the things which invalidates prayer if it passes in front of the imaam
or a person who is praying on his own.
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said:
This hadeeth – i.e., the hadeeth narrated by al-Bukhaari (487) and
Muslim (505) from Abu Sa'eed al-Khudri which says "If any one of you
is praying, he should not let anyone pass in front of him. Let him
push him away as much as he can, and if he insists then let him fight
him, for he is nothing but a shaytaan (devil)" – indicates that it is
makrooh to pass in front of a person who is praying if he is praying
on his own and without a sutrah. The same ruling applies to the imaam
if he is praying without a sutrah. But with regard to the person who
is praying behind the imaam, it does not matter what passes in front
of him, just as it does not matter what passes in front of the imaam
or person praying alone if it passes behind the sutrah. The sutrah of
the imaam is also the sutrah of those who are praying behind him.
We say this concerning the imaam and the person who prays alone,
because the Prophet(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said,
"If any one of you is praying…" According to the scholars, this means
praying on his own, because of the hadeeth of Ibn 'Abbaas. Hence we
say that the person who is praying behind the imaam does not have to
push away the person who passes in front of him, because Ibn 'Abbaas
said:"I came along riding on a female donkey one day when I had just
reached the age of puberty. The Messenger of Allaah(peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) was leading the people in prayer in
Mina, without any kind of wall in front of him. I passed in front of
part of the row, then I got down and sent the donkey to graze, and
joined the row, and no one rebuked me for that."
(al-Tamheed, 4/187)
On this basis, the sister who asked this question, and other people,
do not have to push away anyone who passes in front of them if they
are praying behind the imaam, and there is no sin on the person who
passes in front of the row if this is donefor a reason. Pushing a
person away and preventing them from passing in front is to be done by
the imaam or the person who is praying alone, if a person wants to
pass between him and his sutrah. And Allaah knows best.

Dought & clear, - If a latecomer catches up with theimaam during rukoo’ (bowing).

If a person catches up with the imaam during rukoo', will the rak'ah
count for him?
Praise be to Allaah.
If the latecomer catches up with the imaam in rukoo', our companions said:
If the person can say 'Allaahu akbar' and bow with a pause before he
stands up again, then the rak'ah counts for him, but if there is no
time to pause before the imaam stands up again, it does not count. If
he is not sure, does the rak'ah count? There are two opinions on this,
the more correct of which is:
It does not count, because what is more likely is that he did not
catch up with the imaam. So he has to do the prostration of
forgetfulness (sajdat al-sahw) at the end of the rak'ah that he does
after the imaam says the salaam, because he is doing a rak'ah on his
own and is not sure whether this is an extra rak'ah or not. This is
like the one who is not sure whether he has prayed three or four
rak'ahs: he should do another rak'ah then dosajdat al-sahw. One of
those who discussed this issue was al-Ghazaali inal-Fatawa.It is a
good issue to discuss, because a lot of people have this problem and
most people do not know the answer, so this information should be
passed on. And Allaah knows best.
From Fatawa al-Imaam al-Nawawi, p. 50.

For children, - Sakaratul Maut (Last Moments Before Death)

A police officer in a Muslim country wrote the following letter to a
Shaykh (Religious leader) describing the events that led to his return
to Allah (SWT). He recalls:
Seeing accidents and crash victims was a normal part of my day, but
one incident was different.
My partner and I had parked on the shoulder of the highway and began
to chat. In a random second, the scene shattered to the hideous sound
of metal bodies becoming one. We threw our heads back to see what had
happened. It was a head-on collision, the result of a vehicle slipping
into the lane of the oncoming traffic.
We couldn't describe the carnage. Two young men sprawled in the first
car, both in critical condition. We carried them gently away from the
car and rested them on the ground.
Quickly we returned to assist the owner of the second car. He was
dead. Back we went to the two young men lying side by side on the
pavement.
My partner began dictating the Shahadah to them. Say "Ash Hadu an La
Ilaha Illallah (I bear witness that there is no god but Allah) ..."
Their tongues wouldn't acknowledge it. They started humming the
hypnotic lyrics of some song. I was terrified. My partner had
experience however, and he kept repeating his instruction.
I stood up watching, no movement, eyes locked. Never in my life had I
seen anything similar to what was going on before me. In fact, I've
never actually seen someone die, and never, in such a satanic way.
My partner continued to instruct them to say the Shahadah but there
was no use. The hum of their song came to a slow silence, slowly. The
first one stopped and then the other. Not a stir but Dead.
We carried them to our patrol car; my partner made no effort to speak.
Not a whisper between us two as we carried the corpses to the nearest
hospital.
The police officer fell back into routine, as he narrates, and started
to drift away from Allah (SWT). But another event happened to him that
sealed the return. He continues:
What an odd world. After some time, about six months, a strange
accident took place. A young man was moving along the highway
normally, but within one of the tunnels leading to the city, he got a
flat tire.
To the side of the tunnel he parked and stepped to the back to remove
the spare tire. The whistle of a speeding car could be heard from
behind. In a second, it collided with the crippled car, with the young
man in-between. He fell to the ground with critical injuries.
I rushed to the scene, myself and another partner other than the
first. Together we carried the young man's body into our patrol car
and phoned the hospital to prepare for his arrival.
He was a young adult in his blossom years. Religious, as you could
tell from his appearance. He was mumbling when we carried him, but in
our rush, we had not paid attention to what he was saying.
However, when we placed him on his back in the patrol car, we could
make it out. Through the pain, his heart was reciting Noble Qur'an! He
was so immersed in the recitation. Subhan Allah, you would have never
said that this person was in intense pain.
Blood had soaked his clothes crimson red, his bones had clearly
snapped in several places. To tell the truth, he looked like he was
staring into the eyes of death.
He continued to read in his unique, tender voice, reciting each verse
in proper rhythm. In my entire life, I had never heard any recitations
like it. I said to myself, "I'm going to instruct him to say the
Shahadah just like I saw my friend doing," especially since I had
previous experience."
My partner and I listened intently to that soft voice. I felt a shiver
shock my back and up my arm the hair stood.
Suddenly, the hymn ceased. I watched silently as his hand rose softly.
He had his index finger pointed upward to the Heaven, saying the
Shahadah (Ash Hadu an La Ilaha Illallah - I bear witness that there is
no god but Allah). Then, his head slumped.
I jumped to the back seat, felt his hand, his heart, his breathing. He was dead!
I couldn't stop staring at him. A tear fell but I hid it in shame. I
turned back to my partner and told him that the boy's life had ceased.
He burst out loud crying. Seeing a man cry like that, I could not
control myself and my partner faded away behind the fall of my own
tears. The patrol car fogged from the emotions.
We arrived at the hospital. As we rushed through the corridors, we
told all the doctors, nurses, and onlookers what had happened. So many
people were affected by what we said, some stood there speechless and
tearful.
No one wanted to lose sight of the boy, until they had been assured of
the time and place he would be buried.
One of the hospital staffs phoned the boy's home. His brother picked
it up and was told of the accident. His brother told us about him:
He used to go out every Monday to visit his only grandmother outside
of town. Whenever he visited her, he made sure to spend time with the
poor children idling on the streets, and the orphans. The town knew
him; he was the one that would bring them the Islamic books and tapes.
His dusty Mazda would be filled with rice and sugar and even candies -
couldn't forget the candies - for those families who were in need.
He would not stand for anyone to discourage him from the long journey
to that town. He would always politely reply that the long drive gave
him time to review his Noble Qur'an and to listen to Islamic lectures
on his cassette deck and that with every step to the town, he hoped
for the reward he would find with Allah (SWT).
Rasool Allah - Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallamgave the example of a man
who loses his camel in the desert and in that wasteland loses hope of
life. In that state, he sits down awaiting death to come. Then, he
opens his eyes and finds his camel standing beside him with all the
provisions to take him home. In his extreme happiness he cries out, "O
Allah, You are my servant and I am your Lord!" He says it wrong from
the bliss of happiness.
Rasool Allah - Sallallahu Alayhi wa Sallam said that verily Allah
(SWT) is more pleased with the repentance of His servant than this man
is upon finding his camel!

For children, - Ultimate Reality of Material World - Old Sock Story

A wise and saintly rich man, sensing his approaching death, called his
son to his side and gave him these instructions:
'My son, I shall be leaving you very shortly. On the day when I die
and they have washed my body and come to wrap it in the shroud, I want
you to put one of my socks on my foot. This is my final request of
you.'
Soon after this, the old man did indeed die, leaving behind his goods
and property, his children and his dependents. Family, friends,
acquaintances and neighbours attended his funeral. The body had been
washed and was almost completely wrapped in the shroud, when the son
remembered his father's wish. Finding one of his old socks, he handed
it to the washer of the dead, saying, 'In accordance with my father's
last request, please put this sock on his foot.'
'That is quite impossible:' Said the washer of the dead. 'Such a thing
is utterly impermissible in Hindu religion. I cannot act against the
Sacred Law.'
Despite this valid objection, the son insisted, 'That was my father's
final request; it must certainly be carried out.'
The washer of the dead was unmoved. 'If you won't take my word for
it,' he said, 'go and ask the elder men. They will confirm what I tell
you, that it is not permissible.'
Holding up the funeral, they consulted the elder men, religious head
and scholars, all of whom declared that this was not permissible in
Hindu religion.
Just then, an aged friend of the deceased interrupted the debate with
these words to the son: 'My boy, your late father entrusted me with a
letter which I was to hand over to you after his departure. Here, this
letter belongs to you.' So saying, he gave him an envelope.
Taken by surprise, the boy opened the envelope and read out the
contents of his father's letter. 'My son, all this wealth and property
I have left to you. Now you see: at the last moment, they won't even
let you give me an old sock to wear. When you yourself come one day to
be in my condition they will also refuse to let you keep anything.
Naked body that, all you will be able to carry over from this fleeting
world into the Hereafter. So pull yourself together and be prepared.
Spend the fortune I have left you, not for the satisfaction of vain
desires, but in ways pleasing to Almighty, that you may achieve honor
in both worlds.'
Qullu Nafsin Za Iqatul Maut! Everything that lives shall taste Death!
Noble Qur'an, Surah Al-Imran, Verse 185
Imam Ali (as)said: "Every creature who walks on the earth has to go
inside one day."
Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (as)said: "Death is like sleep; the only
difference is that while sleep is of a short duration, death continues
till the Day of Resurrection."
Imam Muhammad at-Taqi (as)said: "Some of the faithful dislike the
pangs of death, because they are not fully aware of the comfort after
death. Just as children and the insane dislike to take bitter medicine
and make a wry face, though the bitterness of the medicine is a
forerunner of benefit (to health)."
What a beautiful advice and guidance for those who can understand! May
the mercy of Almighty be upon us all.