research that our Lord created matter moment by moment. The
flawlessness, perfect balance and detailed arrangements in the
creation of the universe are one of the proofs of our Lord's
omniscience and matchless Creation.
The Big Bang theory clearly reveals that Allah created the universe
from nothing. This great explosion is full of fine calculations and
is so detailed that it causes one to reflect that it cannot be
explained as a matter of pure chance.
The temperature at every moment of the explosion, the number of
atomic particles, the forces enetering into operation at that
moment and the intensities of those forces need to possess highly
sensitive values. Failure to achieve even one of those values would
mean the universe we inhabit today could not have come into being.
A change in any one of these values - even at a level approaching
mathematical "0" - would be sufficient for the Big Bang to have
never happened at all.
In the Wake of the Big Bang.
The universe and its building blocks, atoms, began coming into
being from nothing in the wake of this great explosion thanks to the
balances created by Allah. Scientists have carried out unlimited
research into the perfect timing of the events that took place during
this and the nature of the physical laws involved in that timing.
The facts agreed on by all the scientists who have studied the
subject are these:
→ "0" moment; This "moment" when there was no matter and time, and
when this explosion took place is regarded in physics as the moment
when t (time) = 0. In other words, when t=0, nothing exists. In
order to describe what preceeded this "moment" when creation
began, we need to know the laws of physics existing at that moment
because the laws of physics that exist now do not apply in the first
moments of the explosion.
Events that physics can describe begin as of 10 -43 seconds, the
smallest unit of time; this is too small for the human mind to
conceive. So what happened in this brief space of time we cannot
even imagine? Physicists have so far been unable to produce a
theory that can explain all the details of the events that occurred
because scientists lack the materials with which to perform
calculations. Descriptions of the laws of mathematics and physics
are impacted at this threshold. In other words, both the time
before this explosion built on the most delicate of balances and
its initial moments possess a creation that surpasses human
understanding.
This creation that began when there was no time allowed for the
moment by moment appearance of the material universe and the laws
of physics. Let us now have a look at the events that occurred with
great sensitivity in a very short space of time in this explosion:
At this moment of creation, the temperature was 10 32
(100,000,000,000,000,00 0.-000,000,000,000,000) K. To make a
comparison, the heat of the Sun is expressed in millions (10 8 ) and
that of stars far larger than the Sun in billions (10 11 ). The
highest temperatures we have been able to detect so far is limited
to billions of degrees, although it is possible to give an idea of
how great the temperature was at moment 10 -43 .
→ When time moved forward from 10 -43 seconds to 10 -37 : The period
between these points is not a moment like one or two seconds. We
are speaking of one quadrillion- quadrillionth of a second. The
temperature was again at the extraordinary level of 10 29
(100,000,000,-000,000,00 0,000,000,000,000) K. Atoms had not yet been
created.
→ Up to 10 -2 seconds: This time frame expresses one hundredth of a
second. The temperature at this point is 100 billion degrees. The
"first universe" began being shaped at this point. There were still
no particles such as protons and neutrons that constitute the
nucleus of the atom. All there at that moment were electrons and
their opposites, positrons (anti-electrons) because the temperature
and velocity of the universe at that moment permitted these
particles to form. Electrons and positrons came into being in less
than one second since the explosion began.
The question of at which moment every atomic particle will form after
this moment is very important because every particle needs to appear
at a special moment in order for the present laws of physics to
emerge. The question of which particle will form first is vitally
important. The slightest deviation in this sequence or timing would
make it impossible for the universe to exist in its present form.
→ After 10 -1 seconds: The temperature at this point is around 30
billion degrees. Still less than a second has passed since t=0.
However, the other components of the atom, protons and neutrons,
have begun to appear. Neutrons and protons were created in a
shorter space of time than has gone by since nothing.
→ The 1 st second after the explosion: When we look at the density
of the mass at this time we again encounter an huge and
extraordinary figure; it is calculated that the density of the mass
existing at this moment is 3.8 billion kilograms a liter. It is
easy to determine this figure expressed as billions of kgs
mathematically and to put it down on paper. However, it is still
impossible to fully conceive this value. To give a simple example to
make it easier to express the size of this figure, we may say that,
"If the tip of Mount Everest in the Himalayas had that density, the
force of gravity it would acquire could swallow our world up in a
moment."
→ Between 1 and 3 seconds: The main distinguishing feature of this
period is that temperature is now at quite a low value. The
universe is now around 14 seconds old, with a temperature of 3
billion degrees, and is continuing to expand at an enormous speed.
This is when atomic nuclei such as hydrogen and helium begin to
form. In other words, for the first time, there was an environment in
which a proton and neutron could stand side by side. These two
particles with masses between existing and non-existing set up an
extraordinary gravitational force and began opposing that vast
velocity of expansion. The process is clearly a conscious and
controlled one. A great balance and an extraordinarily sensitive
order forms after an inconceivable explosion. Protons and neutrons
began to come together and form the atom, the building block of
matter. Yet it is of coure impossible for these particles to possess
the power and consciousness with which to estsblish the sensitive
balances required in order to give rise to matter.
In the period that followed this, the temperature of the universe
dropped to one billion degrees. That is still 60 times the
temperature of our Sun. Three minutes and two seconds have now
passed since the outset. Subatomic particles such as the proton,
anti-proton, neutrino and anti-neutrino are now in the majority. The
number of, and interactions between, all the particles existing in
this period is critical; the slightest variation in the number of any
particle will compromise the energy levels determined by them and
prevent the conversion of energy into matter. The number of
particles emerging after the Big Bang has been determined with fine
calculations, and the material universe was able to form as a
result. Prof. Steven Weinberg emphasizes the critical nature of the
interaction between these particles as follows:
If the universe in the first few minutes was really composed of
precisely equal numbers of particles and antiparticles, they would
all have annihilated as the temperature dropped below 1,000 million
degrees, and nothing would be left but radiation. There is a very
good evidence against this possibility – we are here! There must
have been some excess of electrons over positrons, of protons over
antiprotons, and of neutrons over antineutrons, in order that there
would be something left over after the annihilation of particles and
antiparticles to furnish the matter of the present universe (Steven
Weinberg, The First Three Minutes, A Modern View of the Origin of
the Universe, Basic Books, June 1993, p.87)
→ The first 34 minutes 40 seconds: Our universe is now half an hour
old. The temperarures have dropped by billions of degrees.
Electrons and positrons continue to produce energy by colliding.
The number of particles that will give rise to atoms is now
balanced in such a way as to permit the formation of the material
universe. The rate of expansion has decreased relatively, and these
particles with almost no mass have begun interacting with one
another. The first hydrogen atom forms when an electron enters into
the orbit of a proton. In this way, we have become acquainted with
all the fundamental forces we see in the universe.
The Creator of All Who Regulates and Controls the Universe Is Almighty Allah
Creation can be seen, not only in the atom, but in all bodies small
and large in the universe. These particles that broke away from one
another at the speed of light at the beginning did not stop at
producing hydrogen atoms. They also gave rise to all the glorious
systems contained within the universe, other atoms, molecules,
planets, suns, solar systems, galaxies, quasars etc., within a
glorious plan, with measure and balance, one after the other. While
it is impossible for the particles needing to combine together to
form a single atom and set up delicate balances did so by chance, it
is totally irrational and illogical to claim that planets and
galaxies, in short all the systems that permit the functioning in
the universe, came about one by one by chance. This matchless
design belongs to Allah, Creator of all the universe. Stephen
Hawking explains that these events are built on far more delicate
balances that we can understand:
"If the rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been
smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the
universe would have recollapsed before it ever reached its present
size " (Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p.9)
The Big Bang based on such fine calculations clearly reveals that
time, space and matter did not come into being spontaneously, and
that everything was created by Allah. This is indicated in a verse:
" He has made night and day subservient to you, and the sun and moon
and stars, all subject to His command. There are certainly Signs in
that for people who use their intellect." (Surat an-Nahl, 12 )
An order, the immutable laws we refer to as the "laws of physics,"
emerged in the wake of a huge explosion, from which great disorder
and irregularity might normally be expected. This proves that every
moment of the creation of the universe, including the Big Bang,
possesses a flawless order.
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