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Arrival of modern science in the muslim world
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(March 2008)
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, modern science arrived in
the Muslim world but it wasn't the science itself that affected Muslim
scholars. Rather, it "was thetransfer of various philosophical
currents entangled with science that had a profound effect on the
minds of Muslim scientists and intellectuals. Schools like Positivism
and Darwinism penetrated the Muslim world and dominated its academic
circles and had a noticeableimpact on some Islamic theological
doctrines." There were different responses to this among the Muslim
scholars:[38] These reactions, in words of Professor Mehdi Golshani,
were the following:
"
1.Some rejected modern science as corrupt foreign thought, considering
it incompatible with Islamic teachings, and in their view, the only
remedy for the stagnancy of Islamic societies would be the strict
following of Islamic teachings.[38]
2.Other thinkers in the Muslim world saw science as the only source of
real enlightenment and advocated the complete adoption of modern
science. In their view, the only remedy for the stagnation of Muslim
societies would be the mastery of modern science and the replacement
of thereligious worldview by the scientific worldview.
3.The majority of faithful Muslim scientists tried to adapt Islam to
the findings of modern science; they can be categorized in the
following subgroups: (a) Some Muslim thinkers attempted to justify
modern science on religious grounds. Their motivation was to encourage
Muslim societiesto acquire modern knowledge and to safeguard their
societies from the criticism of Orientalists and Muslim intellectuals.
(b) Others tried to show that all important scientific discoveries had
been predicted in the Qur'an andIslamic tradition and appealed to
modern science to explain various aspects of faith. (c) Yet other
scholars advocated a re-interpretati on of Islam. In their view, one
must try to construct a new theology that can establisha viable
relation between Islam and modern science. The Indian scholar, Sayyid
Ahmad Khan, sought a theology of nature throughwhich one could
re-interpret the basic principles of Islam in the light of modern
science. (d)Then there were some Muslim scholars who believed that
empirical science had reached the same conclusions that prophets had
been advocating several thousand years ago. The revelation had only
the privilege of prophecy.
4.Finally, some Muslim philosophers separated thefindings of modern
science from its philosophical attachments. Thus, while they praised
the attempts of Western scientists for the discovery of the secretsof
nature, they warned against various empiricist and materialistic
interpretations of scientific findings. Scientific knowledge can
reveal certain aspects of the physical world, but it should not be
identified with the alpha and omega of knowledge. Rather, it has to be
integrated into a metaphysical framework—consi stent with the Muslim
worldview—in which higher levels of knowledge are recognized and the
role of science in bringing us closer to God is fulfilled.

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