we have to bear in mind the following important points:
1( Placing Allah, The Most Exalted, above any likeness to human beings
and beyond any imperfections.
2( Belief in the Names and Attributes established in the Quran and
Sunnah )the sayings, actions and approvals of Prophet Muhammad(,
without ignoring them, expanding upon them, changing or overriding
them.
3( Abandoning any desire to discover the form of those attributes by
realizing the following:
A: The attributes of Allah Almighty bear no resemblance whatsoever to
any human attribute. Allah Says in the Quran )what means(:"There is
nothing like Him…"]Quran 42:11[
B: The only names and attributes to be ascribed to Allah Almighty are
those mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah.
C: We are required to believe in these names and attributes without
inquiring after their nature and manner or investigating their
essence.
This is so because attributes vary according to the self they
characterize; finding out how they manifest themselves depends upon
knowing the self and how it acts.
If someone were to ask: "How does Allah Almighty descend to the lower
heavens?" We would reply by asking: "What is His nature?" If the
questioner says, "I do not know Allah's nature", we say: "And we know
not how He descends!"
Tawheed of Names and Attributes is violated by the following:
1. Ta'teel )Negation(: This is done by negating Allaah's Names or
Attributes, and denying their existence in Allah. For instance,
negating the perfection of Allah by denying His Names and Attributes,
or negating the proper conduct towards Allaah by abandoning worship,
or barring the created from its Creator, such as those who deny the
fact that Allaah Almighty created the universe and claim that it
developed and evolved by itself.
The deviant Islamic sect who adopted this crooked creed is called
'Al-Jahmiyyah', the followers of Jahm Ibn Safwaan. They deny the
Attributes of Allah, the AlMighty and Exalted; in fact, their
extremists deny the Names and say: "It is not permissible to affirm a
Name or an Attribute of Allaah; for if you were to affirm a Name for
Him, you have likened Him with things with )similar( names, or an
Attribute, then you have likened Him with things of )similar(
attributes!! And whatever Allah assigns to Himself from the Names;
then it is just in a metaphorical sense; and not the case of actually
naming with these Names )literally(!!"
2.Tashbeeh )Resemblance(:This means to resemble the attributes of the
Creator to the attributes of the created as the Christians, Jews and
some deviant sects in Islam compare the face of Allah with the human
face, Allaah's Hand to the human hand and so on. ]Al-As'ilah
Wal-Ajwibah Al-Usooliyyah, p. 35[
The people who adopted this deviant creed affirm the attributes of
Allaah, and say: "It is a must to affirm the attributes of Allaah, as
He affirmed them for Himself", but they say: "Indeed they are like the
attributes of the creation."
So, these people went into extreme in affirmation, and the people of
At-Ta'teel went into extreme in elimination of seemingly
anthropomorphic Attributes.
So these people claimed: "It is a must for you to affirm the Face of
Allah, and this Face is like the Face of the most beautiful one from
the children of Aadam." They also claimed:"Because Allah addressed us
with what we understand and comprehend; )so Allah( said )what
means(:"...And remains the Face of your Lord full of Majesty and
Honour."]Quran 55:27[, so we do not understand or comprehend from the
Face except what we witness, and the best of what we see is the
human."
According to their claim - we seek refuge in Allah from such heresy -
)the Face of Allah( is like the best one of the human youth!! And they
claim that this is rationally logical!!
3.Tahreef )Distortion(:This is done through false interpretation or
change. For example, the change of the wordings of names and
attributes, by adding to them, subtracting from them or changing the
grammatical constructions, such as the verse )which means(:"And Allaah
spoke directly to Moosa )Moses(."]Quran 4:163( where the word Allaah
they claimed to be in the objective case, thus indicating that it was
Moosa may Allah exalt his mention who spoke to Allah and not vice
versa. Thus, they denied Allah's attribute of talking.
Al- Jahmiyyah also adopted this innovation through such claims as that
the Istiwaa' )Allah's Ascending above the Throne( means 'conquering
and having dominion over'; and like the saying of some of the
innovators that 'Anger' when referring to Allah means 'intending to
send blessings', all of which goes under Tahreef. The true saying,
however is that Istiwaa' means ascending and being above- as is clear
in the Arabic language. The Quran came to show that its meaning is
ascending and being above the Throne in a manner which befits Allaah's
Majesty and Greatness.
4.Takyeef)to try to describe "how" an Attribute is, e.g., to say: How
Allah's Hand is? It is like this and that, or: How His Descending is?
It is like this and that(: This is done by attempting to determine the
manner in which Allah's Attributes take form and also determining
their essence. The method of taking Names and Attributes mentioned in
the Quran and Sunnah at face value, without any comparison, change,
negation, nor give the "how of" is the method of the Companions may
Allah be pleased with them, their followers and those who followed
their followers, may Allah have mercy them.
Takyeef differs from Tamtheel and Tashbeeh in two ways:
1- Takyeef is to Relate How Something is, with restriction or not by
way of resembling. While Tamtheel and Tashbeeh indicate how something
is, in a restricted sense, by way of a likeness or resemblance
respectively. Takyeef is more general. All who do Tamtheel are doing
Takyeef. But vice versa is NOT the case.
2- Takyeef is Particular to Allaah's Attributes, while Tamtheel is
concerned with His Decree, Description and Self.
Ahlus-Sunnah Wal-Jamaa'ah )the mainstream moderate Muslims( affirm for
Allah -The Most Exalted -what He has affirmed for Himself in His Noble
Book, or what has been affirmed for Him by His Messenger Muhammadin
the authentic Sunnah, without Tamtheel. They free Allah - the Most
Exalted - from any resemblance to His creation, whilst also rejecting
and being free from Ta'teel.
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