"tadpoles". However, there are many other types of frog reproduction
of which some are quite surprising.
Frogs have been created with traits that enable them to survive in a
variety of environments. Therefore, they can live in every continent
apart from Antarctica; there are species of frogs living in
deserts,forests, meadows and the Himalayas and Andes, where altitudes
exceed 5000 meters. The densest populations are scattered throughout
the tropical regions. Approximately forty species of frogs have been
identified within a 2 square kilometer piece of rain forest.
In some species of frogs, only males care for the newly born, whereas
in others only females do or both partners do. For example, males of
the "dart-poison frog" of Costa Rica keep watch, waiting for the eggs
to hatch, for up to 10-12 days. Through great efforts, the newlyborn
tadpoles climb and hold onto the back of the mother so tightly that
they appear to have been welded on. Then the mother climbs onto a
bromeliadin the forest. The flowers of this tree are shaped like
goblets pointing skyward, and are filled with water. The mother
releasesthe newly born frogs into these flowers, where they grow
safely.
Since there is no food in these waters, the mother frequently lays
unfertilized eggs in the flowers for the newly born frogs. The
tadpoles feed on these eggs, which are rich in protein and
carbohydrates.
The "gladiator frog" is another species that defends the area in which
are the eggs. The males ofthese frogs have been created with pin-like
extensions under their thumbs, with which they rip the skin off an
intruder male.
The male small African toad (Nectophyrne afra) constructs nests out of
mud, which are filled with water to form ponds, on the coasts of lakes
or slow flowing rivers. The frog makes a fragile layer of film on the
surface of the water to which the eggs attach themselves. Thisway, the
eggs stay on the surface of the water in order to inhale oxygen. Since
a minute vibration caused by another frogor a dragonfly's flying past
can destroy this film and send the eggs to the bottom of the water,
where they would be left to die without oxygen, the male frog guards
the eggs. While waiting, it kicks its feet in the water in order to
increase oxygen flow through the membranes of the eggs.
Another species, called the glass frog due to its transparency, does
not keep watch over its eggs. God inspires another method in these
frogs; they leave groups of eggs on the rocks and plants of the
tropical lakes or rivers. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles drop into
the water.
All of these various conscious and self-sacrificing behavioral
patterns, displayed by different species of frogs as acts of defense
for the newly born tadpoles, demolish the fundamental assumptions of
Darwinism. The assertion of Darwinism that all creatures are in an
individual and selfish struggle for survival comes to aninevitable
dead end in the face of the efforts of a single frog to defend its
newly born offspring. Furthermore, the intelligent behavior shown by
these creatures cannot be explained away as occurring through
coincidence as argued by Darwinism. These are clear signsthat living
things have been created by God and are directed by the instincts
inspired in them.God states in Qur'an that there are clear proofs in
living things for all people:
And in your creation and all the creatures He has spread about there
are Signs for people with certainty. (Surat al-Jathiyya, 4)
Frogs Reproduced in the Stomach
The extraordinary reproduction method of a species of frog called
Rheobatrachus silus, is another example of the superb design in the
creation of God. Female Rheobatrachus frogs swallow their eggs after
fertilization, not to eat them butto protect them. The hatching
tadpoles remain and grow in thestomach for the first six weeks after
hatching. How is it possiblethat they can remain in their mother's
stomach that long without being digested?
A flawless system has been created to enable them to do so.First, the
female ceases to feed for those six weeks, which means the stomach is
reserved solely for the tadpoles. However,another danger is the
regular release of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach. These
chemicals would normally quickly kill the offspring. However, this is
prevented by a very special measure. The fluids in the stomach of the
mother are neutralized by the hormone like substance prostaglandin E2,
which is secreted first by the egg capsules and then by the tadpoles.
Hence, the offspring grow healthily, even though they are swimming in
a pool of acid.
How do the tadpoles feed inside the empty stomach? The solution to
this has been thought of, too. The eggs of thisspecies are
significantly larger than those of others, as they contain a yoke very
rich in proteins, sufficient to feed the tadpoles for six weeks. The
time of birth is designed perfectly as well. The esophagus of the
female frog dilates during birth, just like the vagina of mammals
during delivery. Once the young have emerged, the esophagus and the
stomach both return to normal, and the female starts feeding again.
The miraculous reproductive system of Rheobatrachus silus explicitly
invalidates the theory of evolution, since this system is irreducibly
complex. Every step has to take place fully in order for the frogs to
survive. The mother has to swallow the eggs, and has to stop feeding
completely for 6 weeks. The eggs have to release a hormone like
substance to neutralize stomach acids. The addition of the extra
protein-rich yolk to theegg is another necessity. The widening of the
female's esophagus cannot be coincidental. If all these things failed
to happen in the requisite sequence, the froglets would not survive
and the species would face extinction.
Therefore, this system cannot have developed step-by-step, as asserted
by the theory of evolution. The very first frog of the Rheobatrachus
silus species existed with this complete flawless system. All of the
creatures examined throughout this book prove the same fact: there is
a supreme design in creation encompassing all nature. God created all
living things with irreducible complexity, in which His infinite power
and knowledge are illustrated for those who examine them. The flawless
creation of God is depicted as follows:
He is God - the Creator, the Maker, the Giver of Form. To Himbelong
the Most Beautiful Names. Everything in the heavens and earth
glorifies Him. He is the Almighty, the All-Wise. (Surat al-Hashr, 24)
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