well as while traveling or taking up a place of residence. When three
people travel together, Islam commands that one of them should be the
leader. Given that reason, as well as the keenness to organize the
Muslim community, Islam gave the man the authority to lead thefamily
as he is more capable thanthe woman to fulfill this duty. On the other
hand, Islam entrusted the woman with a role which befits her
psychological nature and physical formation, which is providing the
Muslim community with the believing generations which are ready to
bear the message of Islam.
In Al-Fataawa by Ibn Taymiyyah, may Allaah have mercy on him, he said
, "When a woman gets married, her husband has authority over her more
than her parents and she is required to obey him more than anyone
else." In a Hadeeth (narration), the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa
sallam , said: "This worldly lifeis an enjoyment, and the best of its
enjoyment is a righteous woman who pleases you when you look at her,
obeys you when you command her and safeguards your honor and wealth
when you are absent." [Sahih Muslim]
It was narrated on the authority of Umm Salamah, may Allaah be pleased
with her, that the Messenger of Allaah, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam
, said: "Any woman who dies while her husband is satisfied with her,
shewill enter Paradise." [At-Tirmithi: Hasan]
It was narrated on the authority of Ibn Abi Awfa, may Allaah be
pleased with him, that he said,
Mu'aath came from Ash-Shaam and he prostrated before the Prophet,
sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam. The Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa
sallam, said: "O Mu'aath, what is this?" He replied,"I went to
Ash-Shaam (greater Syria) and found them prostrating before their
archbishops and their emperors. I liked it in my heart that we should
do so for you"' Upon this, the Messenger of Allaah, sallallaahu
'alayhi wa sallam, remarked: "Do not do so. If I were to command
anyone to prostrate before anyone besides Allaah, I would have
commanded the wife to prostrate before her husband. By Him in whose
hand is Muhammad's soul, a woman does not fulfill the right of her
Lord unless she fulfills the right of her husband, and if he wants to
have sexual intercourse with her even if she is on a camel's saddle,
she should not refuse." [Ahmad, Ibn Maajah and Ibn Hibbaan]
When the husband wants his wife to live with him in another place
while he fulfills her rights and observes the commands of Allaah The
Almighty regarding her, and her parents disagree, she is required to
obey her husband, not her parents.
Nevertheless, when the husband forbids her to fulfill the commands of
Allaah The Almighty or orders her to committhe forbiddances of Allaah,
she is not required to obey him in this. The Prophet, sallallaahu
'alayhi wa sallam , said: "A creature mustnot be obeyed at the expense
of disobeying The Creator." [Ahmad]
It should be made clear that obeying the husband is not a form of
hegemony, violation or disdain of the woman's character; rather, it is
an aspect of obedience to Allaah The Almighty and one of the virtuous
acts that bring the wife closer to Allaah The Almighty and of whichshe
should be proud. This distinguishes the observant Muslim woman from
the non-observant one who has neither a father to discipline her nor a
husband to stop her. Rather, she goes out whenever she wants and goes
to whicheverplace she wants. Referring judgment to the Sharee'ah
(Islamic legislation) of Allaah in such matters is the only resort for
salvation. Allaah The Exalted Says (what means): } And due to the
wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is
reasonable. But the men have a degree over them .} [Quran2: 228] This
degree is the man's authority and responsibility for the family.
A wife is not permitted to leave her home without her husband's
permission, whether she is a wet-nurse, midwife or belongs toany other
profession. When she leaves her husband's home without his permission,
she is considered as being defiant to him, disobedient to Allaah The
Almighty and His Messenger, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam ,
anddeserving of punishment.
When she goes out to work without her husband's permission, this is
considered defiance to the husband and disobedience to Allaah and His
Messenger, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam . If this is the case for
going out to work, then what about going out for visits, regardless of
the reasons, even if it is to visit her sick parents?
The husband is entitled to prevent his wife from going out even for
necessary things, such asvisiting her parents, nursing them or
attending the funeral of anyone of them – if he has a sound reason for
doing so. Regarding a woman who has a husband and a sick mother, Imaam
Ahmad, may Allaah have mercy on him, judged that obedience to the
husband takes precedence over visiting her mother unless he allows
her.
Going out for worship also needs the husband's permission. It was
narrated on the authority of Ibn 'Umar, may Allaah be pleased with
them, that the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam , said: "When
your wives ask for your permission to go out to the Masjid at night,
you should allow them." [Ahmad, Abu Daawood]
It was narrated on the authority of Zayd ibn Khaalid, may Allaah
bepleased with him, that the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam ,
said: "Do not prevent the female slaves of Allaah from going to the
Masjids (Mosques) ofAllaah." [Ibn Hibbaan]
Commenting on this Hadeeth , Al-Qastallaani, may Allaah have mercy on
him, said, "When there is no expected temptation to come from them or
afflict them." Unlike our current era where corruption and corrupters
are many, safety and security were common during that time. It is
mentioned in some Hadeeths thatit is better for the woman to perform
the prayer at home than in the Masjid . According to the narration of
Habeeb ibn Abi Thaabit, may Allaah have mercy on him, on the authority
of Ibn 'Umar, may Allaah be pleased with them, the Prophet,
sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam , said: "Do not prevent the female
slaves of Allaah from going to theMasjids and their homes are better
for them."
'Aa'ishah, may Allaah be pleased with her, also narrated a Hadeeth in
which she said that if the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam ,
were alive to see how theconduct of women has changed, he would have
prevented them from going out for prayer and building on this, she was
of the opinion that women should not go out to pray in Masjids .
According to another narration on the authority of Ibn 'Umar, may
Allaah be pleased with them,the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam
, said: "When one's wife asks permission (to go out to the Masjid or
for any other reason such as attending the 'Eedor visiting a sick
person), he should not prevent her." [Al-Bukhaari]
Commenting on the Hadeeth , Al-Qastallaani, may Allaah have mercy on
him, said, "The Hadeethdoes not restrict going out to theMasjid only.
Rather, it is general and includes both the places of worship and
others as well."
Thus, the Hadeeths indicate that the woman is not permitted to go out
without her husband's permirsion
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